2004AJ....127..840P

Query : 2004AJ....127..840P

2004AJ....127..840P - Astron. J., 127, 840-860 (2004/February-0)

The chemical enrichment history of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy from the infrared calcium triplet.

PONT F., ZINN R., GALLART C., HARDY E. and WINNICK R.

Abstract (from CDS):

Near-infrared spectra were obtained for 117 red giants in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy with the FORS1 spectrograph on the VLT, in order to study the metallicity distribution of the stars and to lift the age-metallicity degeneracy of the red giant branch (RGB) in the color-magnitude diagram (CMD). Metallicities are derived from the equivalent widths of the infrared calcium triplet lines at 8498, 8542, and 8662 Å, calibrated with data from globular clusters, the open cluster M67, and the LMC. For a substantial portion of the sample, the strength of the calcium triplet is unexpectedly high, clearly indicating that the main stellar population of Fornax is significantly more metal-rich than could be inferred from the position of its RGB in the CMD. We show that the relative narrowness of the RGB in Fornax is caused by the superposition of stars of very different ages and metallicities. The region of parameter space occupied by the most metal-rich red giants in Fornax–young, metal-rich, and luminous–is not covered by any of the calibrating clusters, which introduces uncertainty in the high end of the metallicity scale. Using published theoretical calculations of Ca II triplet equivalent widths, we have investigated their sensitivity to luminosity, age, and metallicity. The correlation between absolute I magnitude and Ca II strength appears to be only slightly affected by age variations, and we have used it to estimate the metallicities of the Fornax stars. The metallicity distribution in Fornax is centered at [Fe/H]=-0.9, with a metal-poor tail extending to [Fe/H]≃-2. While the distribution to higher metallicities is less well determined by our observations, the comparison with LMC data indicates that it extends to [Fe/H]~-0.4. By comparing the metallicities of the stars with their positions in the CMD, we have derived the complex age-metallicity relation of Fornax. In the first few gigayears, the metal abundance rose to [Fe/H]~-1.0 dex. The enrichment accelerated in the past ∼1-4 Gyr to reach [Fe/H]~-0.4 dex. More than half the sample is constituted of stars younger than ∼4 Gyr, thus indicating sustained recent star formation in Fornax. These results are briefly compared with the theoretical predictions on the evolution of dwarf galaxies. They indicate that the capacity of dwarf spheroidal galaxies to retain the heavy elements that they produce is larger than expected.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): Galaxies: Abundances - Galaxies: Individual: Name: Fornax - Galaxies: Local Group - Stars: Abundances

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/AJ/127/840): table2.dat>

Nomenclature: Table 2: [PZG2004] FNN N=118 among (Nos 101-817).

CDS comments: Rutledge et al 1997b is PASP, 109, 883 and not PASP, 109, 907 (Rutledge et al, 1997a)

Simbad objects: 159

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Number of rows : 159
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NGC 104 GlC 00 24 05.359 -72 04 53.20     4.09     ~ 3921 0
2 NAME Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy G 01 00 09.4 -33 42 32   9.79 8.6 8.81   ~ 1364 4
3 2MASS J02391904-3423414 * 02 39 19.0329721488 -34 23 41.338008456     18.61   17.27 ~ 3 0
4 [PZG2004] 318 * 02 39 19.3420379856 -34 28 12.137451312     18.75   17.54 ~ 3 0
5 2MASS J02392176-3427469 * 02 39 21.7574162304 -34 27 47.047377204   20.155 18.71 17.946 17.28 ~ 5 0
6 [PZG2004] 305 * 02 39 23.5091135256 -34 23 10.255061292     19.05   17.79 ~ 3 0
7 GB07 Fnx25 RG* 02 39 24.8304854804 -34 34 38.274693223     18.577   17.01 ~ 9 0
8 2MASS J02392609-3427074 * 02 39 26.0762920632 -34 27 07.417237284     18.93   17.67 ~ 3 0
9 [PZG2004] 712 * 02 39 26.18 -34 32 28.0           ~ 1 0
10 [PZG2004] 316 * 02 39 27.4313612544 -34 27 28.357462116     19.08   17.68 ~ 3 0
11 [PZG2004] 717 * 02 39 27.8266926216 -34 34 20.904384936     18.903     ~ 1 0
12 2MASS J02392793-3424495 * 02 39 27.9443440176 -34 24 49.539909960     18.59   17.25 ~ 3 0
13 GB07 Fnx23 RG* 02 39 28.0529840088 -34 34 01.280850276   19.948 18.580 17.693 17.02 ~ 11 0
14 [PZG2004] 707 * 02 39 28.33 -34 30 38.9     18.999     ~ 1 0
15 [WMO2009] For-0925 * 02 39 28.6209659184 -34 31 26.629846428   19.948 18.44 17.663 17.01 ~ 5 0
16 [PZG2004] 307 * 02 39 28.8616901496 -34 24 12.963956220     18.45   16.9 ~ 3 0
17 2MASS J02393033-3425161 * 02 39 30.3176545032 -34 25 16.054173588     18.57   17.33 ~ 3 0
18 2MASS J02393146-3422009 * 02 39 31.4979130464 -34 22 00.639338628     18.61   17.4 ~ 3 0
19 GB07 Fnx03 RG* 02 39 31.5212133624 -34 23 05.395380288     18.534   17.05 ~ 8 0
20 [PZG2004] 302 * 02 39 31.9500303360 -34 22 24.854621448     18.364     ~ 1 0
21 [PZG2004] 708 * 02 39 32.22 -34 31 07.1     18.750     ~ 1 0
22 [PZG2004] 313 * 02 39 32.4595356024 -34 26 35.976509844     18.92   17.83 ~ 3 0
23 [PZG2004] 706 * 02 39 32.46 -34 30 34.3           ~ 1 0
24 [WMO2009] For-1120 * 02 39 32.9670178104 -34 32 06.231358968   19.898 18.42 17.651 17 ~ 10 0
25 [PZG2004] 314 * 02 39 33.1009866576 -34 26 51.145379160     18.77   17.39 ~ 3 0
26 [PZG2004] 715 * 02 39 33.39 -34 34 01.2     18.598     ~ 1 0
27 2MASS J02393339-3422430 * 02 39 33.4006311096 -34 22 43.126630068     18.75   17.42 ~ 3 0
28 [PZG2004] 311 * 02 39 33.6421167120 -34 25 49.974212712   20.070 18.37 17.601 16.85 ~ 5 0
29 [PZG2004] 308 * 02 39 33.6455185224 -34 24 41.945913288     18.37   16.7 ~ 3 0
30 [PZG2004] 705 * 02 39 33.75 -34 30 12.2     19.125     ~ 1 0
31 2MASS J02393411-3433333 RG* 02 39 34.1028400848 -34 33 33.267768948     18.464     ~ 6 0
32 GB07 Fnx21 RG* 02 39 34.1141539800 -34 33 09.701904456     18.641   17.01 ~ 9 0
33 [PZG2004] 704 * 02 39 34.59 -34 29 49.4     18.632     ~ 1 0
34 [PZG2004] 312 * 02 39 35.4539226912 -34 26 06.363159576     18.97   17.7 ~ 3 0
35 2MASS J02393641-3428227 * 02 39 36.3908910840 -34 28 22.634950656     18.539     ~ 1 0
36 [WMO2009] For-0921 * 02 39 37.2096126648 -34 32 37.505407704   20.083 18.66 17.879 17.22 ~ 5 0
37 [PZG2004] 703 * 02 39 38.0022742248 -34 29 31.628778576   20.256 18.934 18.034   ~ 3 0
38 2MASS J02393839-3423482 * 02 39 38.4018759576 -34 23 48.169379508     18.32   17.12 ~ 3 0
39 [PZG2004] 417 * 02 39 38.4595577304 -34 28 31.865862252   20.548 19.507 18.706   ~ 3 0
40 2MASS J02394081-3424300 * 02 39 40.8197333688 -34 24 30.226239360     18.64   17.22 ~ 3 0
41 [PZG2004] 415 * 02 39 42.3855760728 -34 28 28.075858644     18.119     ~ 1 0
42 [PZG2004] 115 * 02 39 43.5406611504 -34 26 13.171230492     19.25   18.03 ~ 3 0
43 2MASS J02394399-3423599 * 02 39 43.9332252288 -34 24 00.011806200     18.595   17.21 ~ 3 0
44 [PZG2004] 702 * 02 39 45.12 -34 29 36.5     18.736     ~ 1 0
45 [PZG2004] 414 * 02 39 45.3827675208 -34 27 38.176914204     18.48   16.97 ~ 3 0
46 2MASS J02394605-3425049 * 02 39 46.06 -34 25 04.9     19.040     ~ 1 0
47 [PZG2004] 413 * 02 39 46.4677154568 -34 28 20.725522968     18.605     ~ 1 0
48 [PZG2004] 416 * 02 39 46.62 -34 28 10.0     18.538     ~ 1 0
49 [PZG2004] 112 * 02 39 48.58 -34 24 48.5     19.033     ~ 1 0
50 [PZG2004] 412 * 02 39 48.66 -34 28 07.5     19.100     ~ 1 0
51 2MASS J02394978-3423532 * 02 39 49.7814682824 -34 23 53.346062796     18.43   17.15 ~ 3 0
52 [PZG2004] 411 * 02 39 50.4066074160 -34 28 14.343055968     18.695     ~ 1 0
53 [PZG2004] 410 * 02 39 50.7598682232 -34 29 07.339993692     19.01   17.71 ~ 3 0
54 [PZG2004] 110 * 02 39 51.3352033872 -34 24 54.184505472     18.6   17.1 ~ 3 0
55 [PZG2004] 409 * 02 39 52.9162265304 -34 28 36.876884592   20.315 18.882 17.969   ~ 3 0
56 2MASS J02395322-3422590 * 02 39 53.2168104587 -34 22 59.030027690     18.36   17.16 ~ 3 0
57 2MASS J02395436-3423318 * 02 39 54.3720479664 -34 23 31.828824924     18.26   16.8 ~ 3 0
58 [PZG2004] 408 * 02 39 54.9018848784 -34 28 35.579881668     18.64   17.39 ~ 3 0
59 [WMO2009] For-1233 * 02 39 56.0375212872 -34 24 10.603664676     18.46   16.98 ~ 8 0
60 2MASS J02395624-3425043 * 02 39 56.2711594776 -34 25 04.136109528     18.83   17.42 ~ 3 0
61 2MASS J02395656-3426062 * 02 39 56.5684499928 -34 26 05.789997132     19.092     ~ 1 0
62 [PZG2004] 107 * 02 39 57.06 -34 23 32.8           ~ 1 0
63 2MASS J02395802-3423211 * 02 39 58.0285694016 -34 23 21.102805500     18.28   16.89 ~ 3 0
64 [PZG2004] 407 * 02 39 58.8856018104 -34 27 49.419759456     18.553     ~ 1 0
65 2MASS J02395889-3437540 * 02 39 58.9026829732 -34 37 54.055407984     18.86   17.56 ~ 3 0
66 NAME Fornax Dwarf Spheroidal G 02 39 59.3 -34 26 57   9.02 7.4     ~ 1747 1
67 [PZG2004] 405 * 02 39 59.67 -34 28 46.2     18.781     ~ 1 0
68 [PZG2004] 406 * 02 39 59.85 -34 28 12.8     18.774     ~ 1 0
69 [PZG2004] 815 * 02 40 00.2001789224 -34 36 55.216256301     19.18   18.01 ~ 3 0
70 2MASS J02400020-3424532 * 02 40 00.21 -34 24 53.2     19.205     ~ 1 0
71 2MASS J02400070-3438045 * 02 40 00.7169469024 -34 38 04.766488944     18.720     ~ 1 0
72 2MASS J02400116-3425104 * 02 40 01.1657497872 -34 25 10.450179732     18.208     ~ 1 0
73 2MASS J02400280-3423335 * 02 40 02.8142723784 -34 23 33.443448504     18.36   16.78 ~ 3 0
74 2MASS J02400341-3432121 * 02 40 03.4030194480 -34 32 12.034583340     18.72   17.3 ~ 3 0
75 [PZG2004] 403 * 02 40 03.74 -34 29 35.6     18.934     ~ 1 0
76 [PZG2004] 214 * 02 40 03.9550454764 -34 24 11.618168346     18.503     ~ 2 0
77 2MASS J02400501-3436330 * 02 40 05.0140921104 -34 36 32.978019636   19.982 18.45 17.604 16.91 ~ 5 0
78 2MASS J02400505-3437468 * 02 40 05.0593115520 -34 37 46.775450460     18.3   16.79 ~ 3 0
79 [PZG2004] 811 * 02 40 05.1084789432 -34 35 41.703382428     18.332   17.28 ~ 4 0
80 [PZG2004] 103 * 02 40 05.1438569952 -34 24 39.344946264     18.646     ~ 2 0
81 2MASS J02400550-3432429 RG* 02 40 05.5084039440 -34 32 42.767412360   20.155 18.326 17.595 16.74 ~ 11 0
82 [PZG2004] 213 * 02 40 05.5666576584 -34 24 25.956183456     18.87   17.52 ~ 3 0
83 2MASS J02400564-3425361 * 02 40 05.6489428680 -34 25 35.982373548     18.63   17.22 ~ 3 0
84 [HBJ2016] b0007 * 02 40 05.9669666592 -34 32 00.828558996   19.902 18.367 17.688 17.03 ~ 7 0
85 [PZG2004] 402 * 02 40 06.48 -34 28 53.5     18.407     ~ 1 0
86 2MASS J02400651-3426122 * 02 40 06.5237092440 -34 26 12.013092780     18.69   17.26 ~ 3 0
87 2MASS J02400653-3431005 * 02 40 06.5398517328 -34 31 00.329116872     18.51   17.05 ~ 3 0
88 [PZG2004] 102 * 02 40 06.6133338048 -34 25 23.535545160     18.95   17.55 ~ 3 0
89 2MASS J02400803-3438112 * 02 40 08.0245486992 -34 38 11.302928592     18.393     ~ 1 0
90 [PZG2004] 101 * 02 40 08.4901945337 -34 25 34.668459143     18.607     ~ 2 0
91 2MASS J02400939-3436172 * 02 40 09.3959626368 -34 36 17.205025212     18.402     ~ 2 0
92 [HBJ2016] r0006 * 02 40 10.1532024600 -34 31 48.770177736     18.892   17.632 ~ 2 0
93 [WMO2009] For-1255 Pe* 02 40 10.4430216624 -34 25 17.664484152     18.45   16.81 ~ 6 0
94 2MASS J02401237-3425187 * 02 40 12.3770472648 -34 25 18.684475212     18.515     ~ 1 0
95 2MASS J02401290-3425376 * 02 40 12.9458988120 -34 25 37.672255884     18.94   17.59 ~ 3 0
96 [PZG2004] 514 * 02 40 13.4465777994 -34 32 14.944866188     18.76   17.64 ~ 3 0
97 2MASS J02401349-3426192 * 02 40 13.4995337328 -34 26 19.190889780     18.46   16.79 ~ 4 0
98 2MASS J02401391-3430357 * 02 40 13.92 -34 30 35.7   20.41 18.59     ~ 2 0
99 [KHI2013] III-60 * 02 40 14.8567338960 -34 32 07.707684084     18.58   17.22 ~ 4 0
100 2MASS J02401510-3426391 * 02 40 15.0981700752 -34 26 38.866186860     18.9   17.44 ~ 3 0
101 2MASS J02401593-3429463 * 02 40 15.9437991528 -34 29 46.197395412     18.7   17.26 ~ 3 0
102 2MASS J02401604-3427045 * 02 40 16.0391180616 -34 27 04.325954868   20.18 18.6   17.16 ~ 4 0
103 [PZG2004] 809 * 02 40 16.72 -34 34 54.8     18.248     ~ 1 0
104 [PZG2004] 804 * 02 40 16.7660217600 -34 34 33.313069092     18.757     ~ 1 0
105 [PZG2004] 511 * 02 40 16.7727261984 -34 30 55.212427224     19.07   17.69 ~ 3 0
106 [WMO2009] For-1250 * 02 40 16.7867669616 -34 29 34.568503332   20.082 18.39 17.547 16.75 ~ 10 0
107 [PZG2004] 807 * 02 40 17.2410409968 -34 36 57.140753796     18.787     ~ 1 0
108 [WMO2009] For-2044 * 02 40 17.9251606224 -34 27 01.042993260     18.42   16.79 ~ 8 0
109 2MASS J02401818-3427568 * 02 40 18.19 -34 27 56.8     18.808     ~ 1 0
110 2MASS J02401889-3436421 * 02 40 18.9068848800 -34 36 42.061594788     18.56   17.14 ~ 3 0
111 [PZG2004] 802 * 02 40 19.0753774824 -34 34 06.224736576     19.012     ~ 1 0
112 2MASS J02401930-3436119 * 02 40 19.3198645704 -34 36 11.783820960     18.59   17.03 ~ 3 0
113 [PZG2004] 803 * 02 40 21.5199922440 -34 35 20.981510880   20.168 18.69 17.952 17.27 ~ 6 0
114 [PZG2004] 508 * 02 40 22.1506301928 -34 30 43.407022716     18.97   17.52 ~ 3 0
115 2MASS J02402217-3427106 * 02 40 22.1915631336 -34 27 10.770494256     18.62   17.21 ~ 3 0
116 [PZG2004] 506 * 02 40 22.4322342048 -34 29 26.237336676     18.435     ~ 1 0
117 [PZG2004] 507 * 02 40 22.8041320152 -34 30 26.815187952     18.446     ~ 1 0
118 [PZG2004] 505 * 02 40 26.5196548032 -34 30 17.474953968     18.7   17.3 ~ 3 0
119 [PZG2004] 504 * 02 40 27.7236593587 -34 29 29.427840730     19.01   17.74 ~ 3 0
120 2MASS J02402871-3428252 * 02 40 28.7289197040 -34 28 25.166650872     18.688     ~ 1 0
121 [PZG2004] 503 * 02 40 32.3787518930 -34 30 53.899556439     18.88   17.69 ~ 3 0
122 NGC 1851 GlC 05 14 06.76 -40 02 47.6           ~ 1432 0
123 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 17476 0
124 NAME Carina dSph G 06 41 36.7 -50 57 58   22.14 11.0 19.47   ~ 1127 0
125 NGC 2298 GlC 06 48 59.41 -36 00 19.1     8.89     ~ 499 0
126 NGC 2682 OpC 08 51 23.0 +11 48 50           ~ 2342 0
127 Z 64-73 G 10 08 28.12 +12 18 23.4   11.3 10.0     ~ 1209 1
128 NAME Sextans dSph G 10 13 02.9 -01 36 53   12 10.4     ~ 857 0
129 NGC 3201 GlC 10 17 36.82 -46 24 44.9           ~ 888 0
130 Z 126-111 G 11 13 28.13 +22 09 10.1   12.9 12.0     ~ 841 0
131 NAME UMi Galaxy G 15 09 08.0 +67 13 21   13.60 10.6     ~ 1363 0
132 NAME Dra dSph G 17 20 14.335 +57 55 16.39   12.40 10.6     ~ 1333 1
133 NGC 6528 GlC 18 04 49.61 -30 03 20.8   12.12 10.65     ~ 527 0
134 NGC 6553 GlC 18 09 15.68 -25 54 27.9   9.08       ~ 604 0
135 NGC 6705 OpC 18 51 03.8 -06 16 19   6.32 5.8     ~ 412 0
136 NAME SDG G 18 55 19.0 -30 32 43   4.5 3.6     ~ 2195 2
137 M 15 GlC 21 29 58.33 +12 10 01.2           ~ 3142 0
138 M 2 GlC 21 33 27.02 -00 49 23.7     6.25     ~ 1032 1
139 NGC 7099 57 Pe* 21 40 18.5168441568 -23 08 47.581362564   15.66 14.93 14.761   ~ 5 0
140 M 30 GlC 21 40 22.12 -23 10 47.5     7.10     ~ 1050 0
141 NGC 3201 3101 * ~ ~   14.82 13.66     ~ 2 0
142 NGC 3201 2214 * ~ ~   14.87 13.84     ~ 2 0
143 NGC 3201 1309 * ~ ~   14.29 13.26     ~ 4 0
144 NGC 3201 4215 * ~ ~   14.82 13.56     ~ 4 0
145 Cl* NGC 7099 DPE 19 * ~ ~   14.18 13.14     ~ 5 0
146 NGC 3201 3102 * ~ ~   15.31 14.31     ~ 3 0
147 Cl* NGC 7099 DPE 23 * ~ ~   13.60 12.20     ~ 4 0
148 Cl* NGC 7099 DPE 24 * ~ ~   14.15 13.06     ~ 4 0
149 Cl* NGC 7099 DPE 91 * ~ ~   14.06 13.00     ~ 4 0
150 Cl* NGC 2298 ALC 14 * ~ ~   15.57 14.35     ~ 2 0
151 Cl* NGC 2298 ALC 15 * ~ ~   15.98 14.86     ~ 2 0
152 Cl* NGC 2298 ALC 17 * ~ ~   15.96 14.87     ~ 2 0
153 NGC 7099 31 * ~ ~   15.03 14.22     ~ 1 0
154 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 8414 0
155 NGC 3201 2207 * ~ ~   15.37 14.30     ~ 3 0
156 NGC 3201 4318 * ~ ~   13.99 12.54     ~ 4 0
157 NGC 3201 4307 * ~ ~   15.44 14.33     ~ 2 0
158 NGC 3201 3204 * ~ ~   13.73 12.29     ~ 4 0
159 NGC 3201 3107 * ~ ~   14.52 13.38     ~ 3 0

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