SIMBAD references

The disk midplane temperature is potentially affected by the dust traps/rings. The dust depletion beyond the water snowline will cast a shadow. In this study, we adopt a detailed gas-grain chemical reaction network, and investigate the radial gas and ice abundance distributions of dominant carbon-, oxygen-, and nitrogen-bearing molecules in disks with shadow structures beyond the water snowline around a proto-solar-like star. In shadowed disks, the dust grains at r ∼ 3-8 au are predicted to have more than ∼5-10 times the amount of ices of organic molecules such as H₂CO, CH₃OH, and NH₂CHO, saturated hydrocarbon ices such as CH₄ and C₂H₆, in addition to H₂O, CO, CO₂, NH₃, N₂, and HCN ices, compared with those in non-shadowed disks. In the shadowed regions, we find that hydrogenation (especially of CO ice) is the dominant formation mechanism of complex organic molecules. The gas-phase N/O ratios show much larger spatial variations than the gas-phase C/O ratios; thus, the N/O ratio is predicted to be a useful tracer of the shadowed region. N₂H⁺ line emission is a potential tracer of the shadowed region. We conclude that a shadowed region allows for the recondensation of key volatiles onto dust grains, provides a region of chemical enrichment of ices that is much closer to the star than within a non-shadowed disk, and may explain to some degree the trapping of O₂ ice in dust grains that formed comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. We discuss that, if formed in a shadowed disk, Jupiter does not need to have migrated vast distances.