SIMBAD references

In this study, we investigate in detail the photospheric magnetic structure of 98 coronal holes using line-of-sight magnetograms of SDO/HMI, and for a subset of 42 coronal holes using HINODE/SOT G-band filtergrams. We divided the magnetic field maps into magnetic elements and quiet coronal hole regions by applying a threshold at ±25G. We find that the number of magnetic bright points in magnetic elements is well correlated with the area of the magnetic elements (cc=0.83±0.01). Further, the magnetic flux of the individual magnetic elements inside coronal holes is related to their area by a power law with an exponent of 1.261±0.004 (cc=0.984±0.001). Relating the magnetic elements to the overall structure of coronal holes, we find that on average (69±8)% of the overall unbalanced magnetic flux of the coronal holes arises from long-lived magnetic elements with lifetimes >40h. About (22±4)% of the unbalanced magnetic flux arises from a very weak background magnetic field in the quiet coronal hole regions with a mean magnetic field density of about 0.2-1.2G. This background magnetic field is correlated to the flux of the magnetic elements with lifetimes of >40h (cc=0.88±0.02). The remaining flux arises from magnetic elements with lifetimes <40h. By relating the properties of the magnetic elements to the overall properties of the coronal holes, we find that the unbalanced magnetic flux of the coronal holes is completely determined by the total area that the long-lived magnetic elements cover (cc=0.994±0.001).