SIMBAD references

We present a gravitational lensing and X-ray analysis of a massive galaxy cluster and its surroundings. The core of MACS J0717.5+3745 (M(R< 1 Mpc)∼2 ×10¹⁵ M_☉, z = 0.54) is already known to contain four merging components. We show that this is surrounded by at least seven additional substructures with masses ranging 3.8-6.5×10¹³ M_☉, at projected radii 1.6-4.9 Mpc. We compare MACS J0717 to mock lensing and X-ray observations of similarly rich clusters in cosmological simulations. The low gas fraction of substructures predicted by simulations turns out to match our observed values of 1-4 per cent. Comparing our data to three similar simulated haloes, we infer a typical growth rate and substructure infall velocity. That suggests MACS J0717 could evolve into a system similar to, but more massive than, Abell 2744 by z = 0.31, and into a ∼ 10¹⁶ M_☉ supercluster by z = 0. The radial distribution of infalling substructure suggests that merger events are strongly episodic; however, we find that the smooth accretion of surrounding material remains the main source of mass growth even for such massive clusters.