SIMBAD references

Below an accretion rate of approximately a few per cent of the Eddington accretion rate, X-ray binary systems are not usually found in the soft spectral state. However, at accretion rates a factor of a few lower still, in the hard state, there is another spectral transition which is well observed but not well understood. Below -1 per cent of the Eddington accretion rate (), the spectral index hardens with increasing accretion rate, but above , although still in the hard state, the spectral index softens with increasing accretion rate. Here we use a combination of X-ray spectral fitting and a study of short time-scale spectral variability to examine the behaviour of three well-known X-ray binaries: Cygnus X-1, GX 339-4 and XTE J1118+480. In Cygnus X-1 we find separate hard and soft continuum components, and show using root mean square (rms) spectra that the soft component dominates the variability. The spectral transition at is clearly present in the hard-state hardness-intensity diagrams of Cygnus X-1. Above , GX 339-4 shows similar softer-when-brighter behaviour at both long and short time-scales. Similarly, XTE J1118+480, which remains well below , has harder-when-brighter behaviour on all time-scales. We interpret these results in terms of two continuum components: a hard power law which dominates the spectra when the accretion rate is low, probably arising from Comptonization of cyclo-synchrotron photons from the corona, and a soft power law which dominates at higher accretion rates, arising from Comptonization of seed photons from the accretion disc.