SIMBAD references

Recently, an increasing number of scientific publications making use of images obtained with near-infrared long-baseline interferometry have been produced. The technique has reached, at last, a technical maturity level that opens new avenues for numerous astrophysical topics requiring milli-arc-second model-independent imaging. The Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) will soon be equipped with instruments able to combine between four and six telescopes. In the framework of the VLTI second generation instruments Gravity and VSI, we propose a new beam combining concept using integrated optics (IO) technologies with a novel ABCD-like fringe encoding scheme. Our goal is to demonstrate that IO-based combinations bring considerable advantages in terms of instrumental design and performance. We therefore aim at giving a full characterization of an IO beam combiner in order to establish its performance and check its compliance with the specifications of an imaging instrument. For this purpose, prototype IO beam combiners have been manufactured and laboratory measurements were made in the H band with a dedicated testbed, simulating a four-telescope interferometer. We studied the beam combiners through the analysis of throughput, instrumental visibilities, phases and closure phases in wide band as well as with spectral dispersion. Study of the polarization properties was also carried out. We obtain competitive throughput (65%), high and stable instrumental contrasts (from 80% in wide band up to 100%±1% with spectral dispersion), stable but non-zero closure phases (e.g. 115°±2°) which we attribute to internal optical path differences (OPD) that can be calibrated. We validate a new static and an achromatic phase shifting IO function close to the nominal 90° value (e.g. 80°±1°). All these observables show limited chromaticity over the H band range. Our results demonstrate that such ABCD-like beam combiners are particularly well suited for interferometric combination of multiple beams to achieve aperture synthesis imaging. This opens the way to extending this technique to all near infrared wavelengths and in particular, the K band.