SIMBAD references

In this paper we study the oxygen chemistry in the C-rich circumstellar shells of IRC +10216. The recent discoveries of oxygen-bearing species (water, hydroxyl radical, and formaldehyde) toward this source challenge our current understanding of the chemistry in C-rich circumstellar envelopes. The presence of icy comets surrounding the star or catalysis on iron grain surfaces have been invoked to explain the presence of such unexpected species. This detailed study aims at evaluating the chances of producing O-bearing species in the C-rich circumstellar envelope only by gas-phase chemical reactions. For the hot inner envelope we show that although most of the oxygen is locked in CO near the photosphere (as expected for a C/O ratio greater than 1), for radial distances larger than ∼15 stellar radii, species such as H₂O and CO₂ have a large abundance under the assumption of thermochemical equilibrium. It is also shown how non-LTE chemistry makes the CO⟶H₂O, CO₂transformation predicted in LTE very difficult. Concerning the chemistry in the colder, outer envelope, we show that formaldehyde can be formed through gas-phase reactions. However, in order to form water vapor, it is necessary to include a radiative association between atomic oxygen and molecular hydrogen with quite a high rate constant. The chemical models explain the presence of HCO⁺ and predict the existence of SO and H₂CS (which has been detected in a 3 mm line survey to be published). We have modeled the line profiles of H₂CO, H₂O, HCO⁺, SO, and H₂CS using a nonlocal radiative transfer model and the abundance profiles predicted by our chemical model. The results have been compared to the observations and discussed.