SIMBAD references

We investigate how large-amplitude shear Alfven waves (AWs) can heat the upper chromosphere with a magnetic force-free configuration. We used a 2D3V fully relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation. We found that the shear AWs with linear polarization and about one period can excite quasi-electrostatic waves driven by the modified two-stream instability, resulting in electron heating within a short time t≃50ω_ci^–1. The results could be applied to the electron heating in the upper chromosphere where small-scale magnetic flux tubes are interacting with each other, making shear magnetic field structures between them.