SIMBAD references

The environments where galaxies reside crucially shape their star formation histories. We investigate a large sample of 1626 cluster galaxies located within 105 galaxy clusters spanning a large range in redshift (0.26 < z < 1.13). The galaxy clusters are massive (M₅₀₀ ≳ 2 × 10¹⁴M_⊙) and uniformly selected from the SPT and ACT Sunyaev-Zel'dovich surveys. With spectra in hand for thousands of cluster members, we use the galaxies' position in projected phase space as a proxy for their infall times, which provides a more robust measurement of environment than quantities such as projected clustercentric radius. We find clear evidence for a gradual age increase of the galaxy's mean stellar populations (∼0.71 ± 0.4 Gyr based on a 4000 Å break, D_n4000) with the time spent in the cluster environment. This environmental quenching effect is found regardless of galaxy luminosity (faint or bright) and redshift (low or high-z), although the exact stellar age of galaxies depends on both parameters at fixed environmental effects. Such a systematic increase of D_n4000 with infall proxy would suggest that galaxies that were accreted into hosts earlier were quenched earlier due to longer exposure to environmental effects such as ram pressure stripping and starvation. Compared to the typical dynamical timescales of 1-3 Gyr of cluster galaxies, the relatively small age increase (∼0.71 ± 0.4 Gyr) found in our sample galaxies seems to suggest that a slow environmental process such as starvation is the dominant quenching pathway. Our results provide new insights into environmental quenching effects spanning a large range in cosmic time (∼5.2 Gyr, z = 0.26-1.13) and demonstrate the power of using a kinematically derived infall time proxy.