SIMBAD references

When studying chemistry of photodissociation regions (PDRs), time dependence becomes important as visual extinction increases, since certain chemical time-scales are comparable to the cloud lifetime. Dust temperature is also a key factor, since it significantly influences gas temperature and mobility on dust grains, determining the chemistry occurring on grain surfaces. We present a study of the dust temperature impact and time effects on the chemistry of different PDRs, using an updated version of the Meijerink PDR code and combining it with the time-dependent code Nahoon. We find the largest temperature effects in the inner regions of high G₀ PDRs, where high dust temperatures favour the formation of simple oxygen-bearing molecules (especially that of O₂), while the formation of complex organic molecules is much more efficient at low dust temperatures. We also find that time-dependent effects strongly depend on the PDR type, since long time-scales promote the destruction of oxygen-bearing molecules in the inner parts of low G₀ PDRs, while favouring their formation and that of carbon-bearing molecules in high G₀ PDRs. From the chemical evolution, we also conclude that, in dense PDRs, CO₂ is a late-forming ice compared to water ice, and confirm a layered ice structure on dust grains, with H₂O in lower layers than CO₂. Regarding steady state, the PDR edge reaches chemical equilibrium at early times (<=10⁵ yr). This time is even shorter (<10⁴ yr) for high G₀ PDRs. By contrast, inner regions reach equilibrium much later, especially low G₀ PDRs, where steady state is reached at ∼10⁶-10⁷ yr.