SIMBAD references

We present a model for lightning shock-induced chemistry that can be applied to atmospheres of arbitrary H/C/N/O chemistry, hence for extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs. The model couples hydrodynamics and the STAND2015 kinetic gas-phase chemistry. For an exoplanet analogue to the contemporary Earth, our model predicts NO and NO₂ yields in agreement with observation. We predict height-dependent mixing ratios during a storm soon after a lightning shock of NO ≃10^–3 at 40 km and NO₂ ≃10^–4 below 40 km, with O₃ reduced to trace quantities (≪10^–10). For an Earth-like exoplanet with a CO₂/N₂ dominated atmosphere and with an extremely intense lightning storm over its entire surface, we predict significant changes in the amount of NO, NO₂, O₃, H₂O, H₂ and predict a significant abundance of C₂N. We find that, for the Early Earth, O₂ is formed in large quantities by lightning but is rapidly processed by the photochemistry, consistent with previous work on lightning. The chemical effect of persistent global lightning storms are predicted to be significant, primarily due to NO₂, with the largest spectral features present at ∼3.4 and ∼6.2 µm. The features within the transmission spectrum are on the order of 1 ppm and therefore are not likely detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope. Depending on its spectral properties, C₂N could be a key tracer for lightning on Earth-like exoplanets with a N₂/CO₂ bulk atmosphere, unless destroyed by yet unknown chemical reactions.