SIMBAD references

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are proposed as candidate sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We study the possibility that the PeV neutrinos recently observed by IceCube are produced by GRB cosmic rays interacting with the interstellar gas in the host galaxies. By studying the relation between the X-ray absorption column density N_H and the surface star formation rate (SFR) of GRB host galaxies, we find that N_His a good indicator of the surface gas density of the host galaxies. Then we are able to calculate the neutrino production efficiency of CRs for GRBs with known N_H. We collect a sample of GRBs that have both measurements of N_Hand accurate gamma-ray fluence and attempt to calculate the accumulated neutrino flux based on the current knowledge about GRBs and their host galaxies. When the CR intensity produced by GRBs is normalized with the observed UHECR flux above ∼ 10¹⁹, the accumulated neutrino flux at PeV energies is estimated to be about (0.3 ± 0.2) x 10c-8^ GeV/cm2/s/sr (per flavor) under the assumption that the GRB energy production rate follows the cosmic SFR and the favorable assumption about the CR diffusion coefficient. This flux is insufficient to account for the IceCube observations, but the estimate suffers from some assumptions in the calculation and thus we cannot rule out this scenario at present.