SIMBAD references

Evolved low-mass stars (0.8≤M/M_☉≤2.5) of a wide range of metallicity bear signatures of a non-standard mixing event in their surface abundances of Li, C, and N, and in their ¹²C/¹³C ratio. A Na overabundance has also been reported in some giants of open clusters but remains controversial. The cause of the extra-mixing has been attributed to thermohaline convection that should take place after the RGB bump for low-mass stars and on the early-AGB for more massive objects. To track the occurrence of this process over a wide mass range, we derive in a homogeneous way the abundances of C, N, O, and Na, as well as the ¹²C/¹³C ratio in a sample of 31 giants of 10 open clusters with turn-off masses from 1.7 to 3.1M_☉. The sample includes red giants, clump giants, and early-AGB stars. We study the observational behavior of the abundances as well as the possible correlations between different elements and between the chemical abundances and stellar mass. A model atmosphere analysis is conducted using high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution FEROS and EMMI spectra. We derive atmospheric parameters using FeI and FeII lines. We calculate abundances for Na, C, N, and O, as well as the ¹²C/¹³C ratio using spectral synthesis. For the elements Mg, Ca, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Co, and Ni, abundances are derived using equivalent widths. A group of first ascent red giants with M/M_☉≤2.5 exhibits lower [N/C] ratios than those measured in clump giants of the same mass range, suggesting an additional increase in the [N/C] ratio after the first dredge-up. The sodium abundances corrected from NLTE are found to be about solar. [Na/Fe] shows a slight increase of 0.10dex as a function of stellar mass in the 1.8 to 3.2M_☉ range covered by our sample, in agreement with standard first dredge-up predictions. Our results do not support previous claims of sodium overabundances as high as +0.60 dex. An anti-correlation between ¹²C/¹³C and turn-off mass is identified and interpreted as being caused by a post-bump thermohaline mixing. Moreover, we find low ¹²C/¹³C ratios in a few intermediate-mass early-AGB stars, confirming that an extra-mixing process also operates in stars that do not experienced the RGB bump. In this case, the extra-mixing possibly acts on the early-AGB, in agreement with theoretical expectations for thermohaline mixing.