SIMBAD references

Aiming at a better understanding of the mechanisms heating the chromospheres, transition regions, and coronae of cool stars, we study ultraviolet, low-resolution Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph spectra of Hyades main-sequence F stars. We study the B-V dependence(s) of the chromospheric and transition layer emission line fluxes and their dependences on rotational velocities. We find that the transition layer emission line fluxes and also those of strong chromospheric lines decrease steeply between B-V=0.42 and 0.45, i.e., at spectral type F5, for which the rotational velocities also decrease steeply. The magnitude of the line-flux decrease increases for lines of ions with increasing degree of ionization. This shows that the line-flux decrease is not due to a change in the surface filling factor but rather due to a change of the relative importance of different heating mechanisms. For early F stars with B-V<0.42 we find for the transition layer emission lines increasing fluxes for increasing vsini, indicating magnetohydrodynamic heating. The vsini dependence is strongest for the high-ionization lines. On the other hand, the low chromospheric lines show no dependence on vsini, indicating acoustic shock heating for these layers. This also contributes to the heating of the transition layers. The Mg II and Ca II lines show decreasing fluxes for increasing vsini, as long as vsini is less than ∼40 km.s^–1. The coronal X-ray emission also decreases for increasing vsini, except for vsini larger than ∼100 km.s^–1. We have at present no explanation for this behavior. For late F stars the chromospheric lines show vsini dependences similar to those observed for early F stars, again indicating acoustic heating for these layers. We were unable to determine the vsini dependence of the transition layer lines because of too few single star targets. The decrease of emission line fluxes at the spectral type F5, with steeply decreasing vsini, indicates, however, a decreasing contribution of magnetohydrodynamic heating for the late F stars. The X-ray emission for the late F stars increases for increasing vsini, indicating magnetohydrodynamic heating for the coronae of the late F stars, different from the early F stars.