SIMBAD references

Gravitational light deflection can distort the images of distant sources by its tidal effects. The population of faint blue galaxies is at sufficiently high redshift so that their images are distorted near foreground clusters, with giant luminous arcs being the most spectacular evidence for this effect. Much weaker distortions, however, can observationally be detected by a statistical analysis of the numerous faint galaxy images, as first demonstrated by Tyson, Valdes & Wenk. This distortion effect can be used as a quantitative tool for the reconstruction of the surface mass density of galaxy clusters with appropriate redshifts, as was demonstrated by Kaiser & Squires. They have derived an explicit equation for this surface mass density in terms of its tidal field. The reconstruction formula by Kaiser & Squires must be modified because of two effects: in its original form it applies only to weak lenses, and hence must be generalized to account for stronger lensing effects. Second, due to the nature of the inversion formula, it produces boundary artefacts (or biases) if applied to real data which are confined to a finite field on the sky. We discuss several possibilities to obtain inversion formulae which are exact for ideal data on a finite data field (CCD). We demonstrate that there exists an infinite number of such finite-field inversion formulae, which differ in their sensitivity to observational effects (such as noise, intrinsic ellipticities of the sources, etc.). We show that, using two simple conditions, one can uniquely specify a finite-field formula which in a well-defined sense minimizes the sensitivity to observational effects. We then use synthetic data to compare the quality of our new reconstruction method with that of previous finite-field inversion techniques and of the nonlinear generalization of the Kaiser & Squires method. This analysis demonstrates that our new inversion method is superior to the other previously considered finite-field inversions, and only slightly more noisy than the Kaiser & Squires inversion, but in contrast to the latter, it lacks the boundary artefacts. We shall discuss that the lack of boundary artefacts and the slightly increased noise have the same origin, and that every finite-field reconstruction must be more noisy than that obtained from the Kaiser & Squires method. Furthermore, the rms deviations of the reconstructed density field from the input surface mass density are fairly homogeneously distributed over the field. We therefore conclude that the new method developed here is the best inversion formula yet found.