SIMBAD references

Observations have revealed that the elemental abundances of carbon and oxygen in the warm molecular layers of some protoplanetary disks are depleted compared to those in the interstellar medium by a factor of ∼10-100. Meanwhile, little is known about nitrogen. To investigate the time evolution of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen elemental abundances in disks, we develop a one-dimensional plane-parallel model that incorporates dust settling, turbulent diffusion of dust and ices, as well as gas-ice chemistry including the chemistry driven by stellar UV/X-rays and galactic cosmic rays. We find that gaseous CO in the warm molecular layer is converted to CO₂ ice and locked up near the midplane via the combination of turbulent mixing (i.e., the vertical cold finger effect) and ice chemistry driven by stellar UV photons. On the other hand, gaseous N₂, the main nitrogen reservoir in the warm molecular layer, is less processed by ice chemistry and exists as it is. Then, nitrogen depletion occurs solely through the vertical cold finger effect of N₂. As the binding energy of N₂ is lower than that of CO and CO₂, the degree of nitrogen depletion is smaller than that of carbon and oxygen depletion, leading to higher elemental abundance of nitrogen than that of carbon and oxygen. This evolution occurs within 1 Myr and proceeds further, when the α parameter for the diffusion coefficient is ≳10^–3. Consequently, the N₂H⁺/CO column density ratio increases with time. How the vertical transport affects the midplane ice composition is briefly discussed.