SIMBAD references

The continuous nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from individual supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) can be encoded in the timing residuals of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs). For each pulsar, the residuals actually contain an Earth term and a pulsar term, but usually only the Earth term is considered as a signal and the pulsar term is dropped. This leads to parameter-estimation biases (PEBs) for the SMBBHs, and currently there are no convenient evaluations of the PEBs. In this article, we formulate the PEBs for a SMBBH with an eccentric orbit. In our analyses, the unknown phases of pulsar terms are treated as random variables obeying the uniform distribution U[0, 2π), due to the fact that pulsar distances are generally poorly measured. Our analytical results are in accordance with the numerical work by Zhu et al. at 1.5σ level, which implies that our formulae are effective in estimating magnitudes of the PEBs. Additionally, we find that the biases Δφ^E and Δe/e for two parameters-that is, Earth-term phase φ^E and orbital eccentricity e-monotonically decrease as e increases, which partly confirms a hypothesis in our previous work. Furthermore, we also calculate the PEBs caused by the recently observed common-spectrum process (CSP). We find that if the strain amplitude of the continuous GW is significantly stronger (three times larger, in our cases) than the stochastic GW background, then the PEBs from pulsar terms are larger than those from the CSP. Our formulae of the PEBs can be conveniently applied in the future PTA data analyses.