SIMBAD references

Using the integral field unit data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory survey, we select a sample of 101 galaxies with counterrotating stellar disks and regularly rotating ionized gas disks. We classify the 101 galaxies into four types based on the features of their stellar velocity fields. The relative fractions and stellar population age radial gradients of the four types are different in the blue cloud, green valley, and red sequence populations. We suggest different formation scenarios for counterrotating stellar disks; the key factors in the formation of counterrotating stellar disks include (1) the abundance of preexisting gas in the progenitor and (2) the efficiency in angular momentum consumption.