SIMBAD references

Context. Most disks observed at high angular resolution show signs of substructures, such as rings, gaps, arcs, and cavities, in both the gas and the dust. To understand the physical mechanisms responsible for these structures, knowledge about the gas surface density is essential. This, in turn, requires information on the gas temperature.
Aims. The aim of this work is to constrain the gas temperature as well as the gas surface densities inside and outside the millimeter-dust cavities of two transition disks: LkCa15 and HD 169142, which have dust cavities of 68 AU and 25 AU, respectively.
Methods. We use some of the few existing ALMA observations of the J = 6-5 transition of ¹³CO together with archival J = 2-1 data of ¹²CO, ¹³CO, and C¹⁸O. The ratio of the ¹³CO J = 6-5 to the J = 2-1 transition is used to constrain the temperature and is compared with that found from peak brightness temperatures of optically thick lines. The spectra are used to resolve the innermost disk regions to a spatial resolution better than that of the beam of the observations. Furthermore, we use the thermochemical code DALI to model the temperature and density structure of a typical transition disk as well as the emitting regions of the CO isotopologs.
Results. The ¹³CO J = 6-5 and J = 2-1 transitions peak inside the dust cavity in both disks, indicating that gas is present in the dust cavities. The kinematically derived radial profiles show that the gas is detected down to 10 and 5-10 AU, much farther in than the dust cavities in the LkCa15 and HD 169142 disks, respectively. For LkCa15, the steep increase toward the star in the ¹³CO J = 6-5 transition, in contrast to the J = 2-1 line, shows that the gas is too warm to be traced by the J = 2-1 line and that molecular excitation is important for analyzing the line emission. Quantitatively, the 6-5/2-1 line ratio constrains the gas temperature in the emitting layers inside the dust cavity to be up to 65 K, warmer than in the outer disk, which is at 20-30 K. For HD 169142, the lines are optically thick, complicating a line ratio analysis. In this case, the peak brightness temperature constrains the gas in the dust cavity of HD 169142 to be 170 K, whereas that in the outer disk is only 100 K. The data indicate a vertical structure in which the ¹³CO 6-5 line emits from a higher layer than the 2-1 line in both disks, consistent with exploratory thermochemical DALI models. Such models also show that a more luminous central star, a lower abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the absence of a dusty inner disk increase the temperature of the emitting layers and hence the line ratio in the gas cavity. The gas column density in the LkCa15 dust cavity drops by a factor of >2 compared to the outer disk, with an additional drop of an order of magnitude inside the gas cavity at 10 AU. In the case of HD 169142, the gas column density drops by a factor of 200-500 inside the gas cavity.
Conclusions. The gas temperatures inside the dust cavities steeply increase toward the star and reach temperatures of up to 65 K (LkCa15) and 170 K (HD 169142) on scales of ∼15-30 AU, whereas the temperature gradients of the emitting layers in the outer disks are shallow, with typical temperatures of 20-30 and 100 K, respectively. The deep drop in gas column density inside the HD 169142 gas cavity at <10 AU could be due to a massive companion of several M_J, whereas the broad dust-depleted gas region from 10 to 68 AU for LkCa15 may imply several lower mass planets. This work demonstrates that knowledge of the gas temperature is important for determining the gas surface density and thus whether planets, and if so what kinds of planets, are most likely to be carving the dust cavities.