2022A&A...657A.133C

We tested whether refracted gravity, a theory of modified gravity that describes the dynamics of galaxies without the aid of dark matter, can model the dynamics of the three massive elliptical galaxies, NGC 1407, NGC 4486, and NGC 5846, out to ∼10R_e, where the baryonic mass component fades out and dark matter is required in Newtonian gravity. We probed these outer regions with the kinematics of the globular clusters provided by the SLUGGS survey. Refracted gravity mimics dark matter with the gravitational permittivity, a monotonic function of the local mass density depending on three parameters, ε₀, ρ_c, and Q, which are expected to be universal. Refracted gravity satisfactorily reproduces the velocity dispersion profiles of the stars and red and blue globular clusters, with stellar mass-to-light ratios in agreement with stellar population synthesis models, and orbital anisotropy parameters consistent with previous results obtained in Newtonian gravity with dark matter. The sets of the three parameters of the gravitational permittivity found for each galaxy are consistent with each other within ∼2σ. We compare the mean {ε₀,Q,log₁₀(ρ_c[g/cm³])}={0.089_–0.035^+0.038, 0.47_–0.21^+0.29, -24.25_–0.20^+0.28} found here with the means of the parameters required to model the rotation curves and vertical velocity dispersion profiles of 30 disk galaxies from the DiskMass Survey (DMS): ρ_c and Q agree within 1σ with the DMS values, whereas ε₀ agrees within 3σ. This agreement suggests that ellipticals and disk galaxies allow for common values of the parameters of the permittivity and supports the universality of the permittivity function.