2021MNRAS.504.3580S

Query : 2021MNRAS.504.3580S

2021MNRAS.504.3580S - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 504, 3580-3609 (2021/July-1)

Ultra-compact dwarfs beyond the centre of the Fornax galaxy cluster: hints of UCD formation in low-density environments.

SAIFOLLAHI T., JANZ J., PELETIER R.F., CANTIELLO M., HILKER M., MIESKE S., VALENTIJN E.A., VENHOLA A. and VERDOES KLEIJN G.

Abstract (from CDS):

Ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) were serendipitously discovered by spectroscopic surveys in the Fornax cluster 20 yr ago. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that many bright UCDs are the nuclei of galaxies that have been stripped. However, this conclusion might be driven by biased samples of UCDs in high-density environments, on which most searches are based. With the deep optical images of the Fornax Deep Survey, combined with public near-infrared data, we revisit the UCD population of the Fornax cluster and search for UCD candidates, for the first time, systematically out to the virial radius of the galaxy cluster. Our search is complete down to magnitude mg = 21 mag or Mg∼-10.5 mag at the distance of the Fornax cluster. The UCD candidates are identified and separated from foreground stars and background galaxies by their optical and near-infrared colours. This primarily utilizes the u-i/i-Ks diagram and a machine learning technique is employed to incorporate other colour combinations to reduce the number of contaminants. The newly identified candidates (44) in addition to the spectroscopically confirmed UCDs (61), increase the number of known Fornax UCD considerably (105). Almost all of the new UCD candidates are located outside the Fornax cluster core (360 kpc), where all of the known UCDs were found. The distribution of UCDs within the Fornax cluster shows that a population of UCDs may form in low-density environments. This most likely challenges the current models of UCD formation.

Abstract Copyright: © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: clusters: individual: Fornax - galaxies: dwarf - galaxies: evolution - galaxies: star clusters: general

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/MNRAS/504/3580): tablea1.dat tablea2.dat tablea3.dat tablea4.dat tablea5.dat tablea6.dat list.dat fits/*>

Status at CDS : All or part of tables of objects will not be ingested in SIMBAD.

Simbad objects: 62

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Number of rows : 62
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 12650 1
2 ESO 301-8 GiC 03 22 22.92 -37 23 50.3   15.59   14.41   ~ 40 0
3 NGC 1316 BL? 03 22 41.789 -37 12 29.52 9.81 9.15 8.53 7.66   ~ 1387 1
4 IC 1919 GiG 03 26 02.2132576776 -32 53 40.323783768   13.78   12.60   ~ 81 0
5 NGC 1336 GiG 03 26 32.1845365512 -35 42 48.662672184   13.12   11.95   ~ 135 0
6 ESO 358-6 GiG 03 27 18.0282957096 -34 31 35.315736492   14.15   12.95   ~ 93 0
7 NGC 1351 GiG 03 30 34.9598617824 -34 51 14.242996620   12.30   10.85   ~ 181 0
8 MCG-06-08-024 Sy2 03 31 08.2735132152 -36 17 24.787136976   14.60       ~ 70 1
9 MCG-06-08-025 GiG 03 31 24.8276106048 -35 19 51.481514892   14.70       ~ 48 0
10 6dFGS gJ033147.6-350305 GiC 03 31 47.6331242640 -35 03 05.148733932   15.27       ~ 56 0
11 2MASX J03324763-3414194 LSB 03 32 47.6755769592 -34 14 19.382566452   15.25       ~ 50 0
12 LEDA 13177 EmG 03 33 33.84 -33 34 24.0   15.11       ~ 53 0
13 MCG-06-08-027 EmG 03 34 29.4927803424 -35 32 47.329271916   14.50       ~ 87 1
14 NGC 1373 GiP 03 34 59.1993515280 -35 10 15.879086760 14.44 14.03 13.26     ~ 129 1
15 NGC 1374 EmG 03 35 16.5885737352 -35 13 34.563417168 12.46 11.97 11.08 10.59   ~ 297 1
16 NGC 1375 GiG 03 35 16.8025873104 -35 15 56.371399740 13.50 13.02 12.40 11.74   ~ 165 1
17 IC 1963 GiG 03 35 31.0692175536 -34 26 49.368859656   12.90   11.71   ~ 135 0
18 [BAL2007] gc290.6 GlC 03 35 42.523 -35 13 51.71           ~ 3 0
19 NGC 1379 GiP 03 36 03.9668625792 -35 26 28.547476800 12.17 12.04 10.91 10.60   ~ 265 1
20 [BAL2007] gc235.7 GlC 03 36 12.687 -35 19 11.57           ~ 3 0
21 NGC 1380 Sy2 03 36 27.590 -34 58 34.68 11.32 10.94 9.93 9.37   ~ 429 1
22 NGC 1381 GiP 03 36 31.6592184144 -35 17 42.739221912 12.90 12.47 11.50 11.02   ~ 254 1
23 ESO 358-33 GiG 03 36 47.5007323848 -34 44 22.739259552 13.63 13.36 12.41 12.00   ~ 143 1
24 MCG-06-09-008 GiP 03 36 54.3158470008 -35 22 28.948080864   14.81       ~ 95 2
25 NGC 1387 Sy2 03 36 57.0337458600 -35 30 23.675934060 12.18 11.75 10.69 10.16   ~ 262 1
26 6dFGS gJ033704.6-353524 GiC 03 37 04.66 -35 35 24.0   15.94   15.65   ~ 46 0
27 NGC 1382 GiP 03 37 08.9722655064 -35 11 41.995386996 13.19 13.79 12.92 12.31   ~ 123 1
28 NGC 1389 EmG 03 37 11.7427350576 -35 44 45.873195000 12.80 12.39 11.50 10.99   ~ 198 1
29 NGC 1396 GiG 03 38 06.5677454520 -35 26 23.637846372   14.80       ~ 98 1
30 ESO 358-42 GiC 03 38 09.1644279912 -34 31 07.380761484   15.74   14.44   ~ 63 1
31 ESO 358-43 GiG 03 38 13.5999606360 -33 07 37.960332924   15.26   13.94   ~ 55 0
32 NGC 1399 BiC 03 38 29.083 -35 27 02.67 11.05 9.74 9.59 8.12   ~ 1570 1
33 ACO S 373 ClG 03 38 29.4 -35 27 08           ~ 1827 0
34 NGC 1404 GiP 03 38 51.917 -35 35 39.81 11.53 10.69 10.00 9.03   ~ 751 1
35 NGC 1419 GiG 03 40 42.1036600944 -37 30 38.778564456   13.56   12.07   ~ 138 0
36 ESO 358-50 GiG 03 41 03.6078361560 -33 46 45.297655572   13.86   12.57   ~ 88 0
37 LEDA 13560 LSB 03 41 12.79 -35 09 29.8   17.0       ~ 24 1
38 [BAL2007] gc152.1 GlC 03 42 00.125 -35 19 32.49           ~ 4 0
39 LEDA 74933 GiC 03 42 17.2756218024 -35 32 26.556690480   16.26 16.31     ~ 38 0
40 NGC 1427 GiG 03 42 19.4455150392 -35 23 33.169251120   11.89   10.44   ~ 281 0
41 NGC 1428 GiG 03 42 22.73 -35 09 14.4   13.77   12.49   ~ 112 0
42 ESO 358-56 GiP 03 43 22.631 -33 56 25.30   15.58   14.33   ~ 57 0
43 ESO 358-59 GiG 03 45 03.5753235792 -35 58 21.372259872   14.08   12.85   ~ 121 0
44 2MASX J03451407-3656123 GiC 03 45 14.0920864008 -36 56 12.009885828   15.32       ~ 55 0
45 NGC 1460 GiG 03 46 13.7196390576 -36 41 47.015207664   13.52   12.12   ~ 71 0
46 ESO 359-2 GiG 03 50 36.7310457912 -35 54 34.013712996   14.48   13.49   ~ 83 0
47 NAME M 81-82 Group GrG 09 55 +69.1           ~ 717 0
48 M 81 Sy2 09 55 33.1726556496 +69 03 55.062505368   7.89 6.94     ~ 4450 3
49 MGC 1 * 10 00 36.80 +00 11 25.2   19.59       ~ 2 1
50 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 26 32.1 +12 43 24           ~ 6645 0
51 NAME Vir B Cluster GrG 12 29.8 +08 00           ~ 132 0
52 M 49 Sy2 12 29 46.8 +08 00 01   13.21 12.17     ~ 2094 2
53 NAME Virgo A Cluster ClG 12 30 49.2 +12 23 30           ~ 140 0
54 M 87 AGN 12 30 49.42338414 +12 23 28.0436859 10.16 9.59 8.63   7.49 ~ 7197 3
55 Hanes IV-67 G 12 30 57.3837738072 +12 25 44.498928792   19.32 17.97     ~ 49 0
56 SDSS J124155.33+114003.7 G 12 41 55.3338419712 +11 40 03.790134948           ~ 52 0
57 SDSS J124211.04+113841.2 G 12 42 11.0513 +11 38 41.257           ~ 35 0
58 NAME M60-UCD1 G 12 43 35.9688 +11 32 04.700           ~ 88 0
59 NAME Cen A Group GrG 13 20 33.9 -44 58 51           ~ 263 0
60 NAME Centaurus A Sy2 13 25 27.61521044 -43 01 08.8050291   8.18 6.84 6.66   ~ 4486 3
61 NGC 5139 GlC 13 26 47.28 -47 28 46.1           ~ 3427 0
62 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 8391 0

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