2021ApJ...921..104C

Query : 2021ApJ...921..104C

2021ApJ...921..104C - Astrophys. J., 921, 104-104 (2021/November-2)

Testing the strong equivalence principle. II. Relating the external field effect in galaxy rotation curves to the large-scale structure of the Universe.

CHAE K.-H., DESMOND H., LELLI F., McGAUGH S.S. and SCHOMBERT J.M.

Abstract (from CDS):

Theories of modified gravity generically violate the strong equivalence principle, so that the internal dynamics of a self-gravitating system in freefall depends on the strength of the external gravitational field (the external field effect). We fit rotation curves (RCs) from the SPARC database with a model inspired by Milgromian dynamics (MOND), which relates the outer shape of an RC to the external Newtonian field from the large-scale baryonic matter distribution through a dimensionless parameter eN. We obtain a > 4σ statistical detection of the external field effect (i.e. eN > 0 on average), confirming previous results. We then locate the SPARC galaxies in the cosmic web of the nearby universe and find a striking contrast in the fitted eN values for galaxies in underdense versus overdense regions. Galaxies in an underdense region between 22 and 45 Mpc from the celestial axis in the northern sky have RC fits consistent with eN ≃ 0, while those in overdense regions adjacent to the CfA2 Great Wall and the Perseus-Pisces Supercluster return eN that are a factor of two larger than the median for SPARC galaxies. We also calculate independent estimates of eN from galaxy survey data and find that they agree with the eN inferred from the RCs within the uncertainties, the chief uncertainty being the spatial distribution of baryons not contained in galaxies or clusters.

Abstract Copyright: © 2021. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Journal keyword(s): Non-standard theories of gravity - Modified Newtonian dynamics - Gravitation - Disk galaxies

Simbad objects: 179

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Number of rows : 179
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NAME Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte G 00 01 57.9 -15 27 50   11.50 11.10 10.93   ~ 691 2
2 NGC 7814 GiG 00 03 14.947 +16 08 42.82   12.0       ~ 294 1
3 NGC 24 EmG 00 09 56.542 -24 57 47.27 12.12 12.20 11.58 11.46 11.5 ~ 249 1
4 UGC 128 LSB 00 13 50.90 +35 59 39.0   16.5       ~ 100 1
5 NGC 55 GiG 00 14 53.602 -39 11 47.86 8.54 8.58 7.87 7.84   ~ 778 2
6 UGC 191 AG? 00 20 05.20 +10 52 48.0   15.6       ~ 83 1
7 NGC 100 LSB 00 24 02.837 +16 29 11.00   14.6       ~ 129 0
8 M 31 AGN 00 42 44.330 +41 16 07.50 4.86 4.36 3.44     ~ 12650 1
9 NGC 247 LSB 00 47 08.554 -20 45 37.44 10.11 9.61 9.10 8.87   ~ 441 2
10 NGC 289 Sy2 00 52 42.365 -31 12 20.99   11.36 13.44 10.38 11.4 ~ 236 0
11 NGC 300 GiG 00 54 53.4465638304 -37 41 03.168402396 8.83 8.69 8.13 7.46   ~ 1503 2
12 UGC 634 LSB 01 01 25.171 +07 37 33.57   15.7       ~ 79 0
13 NGC 360 Sy2 01 02 51.4684833528 -65 36 35.652293964   13.42   11.99 12.5 ~ 90 0
14 UGC 731 AG? 01 10 43.98 +49 36 07.9   17       ~ 99 0
15 UGC 891 AG? 01 21 18.90 +12 24 43.0 15.36 14.82 14.36 12.87   ~ 106 0
16 M 33 GiG 01 33 50.8965749232 +30 39 36.630403128 6.17 6.27 5.72     ~ 5838 1
17 UGC 1230 LSB 01 45 32.251 +25 31 17.28   17       ~ 89 0
18 UGC 1281 LSB 01 49 31.71 +32 35 16.2   13.0       ~ 167 0
19 NGC 801 AGN 02 03 44.7926518608 +38 15 31.615649064   14.23 13.47     ~ 177 0
20 NGC 891 H2G 02 22 32.907 +42 20 53.95 11.08 10.81 9.93 7.86   ~ 1667 2
21 NAME PER SUPERCL SCG 02 33.2 +41 37           ~ 413 1
22 UGC 2023 GiG 02 33 18.20 +33 29 28.0   14.9   13.59   ~ 89 0
23 NGC 1003 GiG 02 39 16.893 +40 52 20.25   12.1   10.83   ~ 188 0
24 NGC 1090 AG? 02 46 33.9359016984 -00 14 49.627749660   12.3   12.1 12.4 ~ 166 0
25 UGC 2259 GiP 02 47 55.4194406880 +37 32 18.528735876   14.3   12.8   ~ 127 0
26 NAME Magellanic Clouds GrG 03 00 -71.0           ~ 7066 0
27 NGC 1167 LIN 03 01 42.3322774176 +35 12 20.300948892   13.84 12.77     ~ 355 2
28 ESO 116-12 EmG 03 13 04.746 -57 21 26.09   12.96   12.07 12.2 ~ 94 0
29 UGC 2885 AG? 03 53 02.4589142328 +35 35 22.174136556   14.4       ~ 144 0
30 UGC 2916 AG? 04 02 33.9170114400 +71 42 21.124283292   14.9       ~ 65 2
31 IC 356 AG? 04 07 46.8869589504 +69 48 44.715725208   13.3       ~ 150 1
32 NAME Cam B G 04 53 07.1 +67 05 57   16.71       ~ 78 0
33 UGC 3205 AG? 04 56 14.8692530064 +30 03 08.201990520   16.0       ~ 66 0
34 NGC 2273 Sy2 06 50 08.6691789600 +60 50 44.864645136   14.50 13.54     ~ 527 3
35 UGC 3580 AG? 06 55 30.9694563864 +69 33 47.319499836   13.01 12.57 12.08 11.50 ~ 99 1
36 NGC 2403 AGN 07 36 51.3381434280 +65 36 09.650825640 9.31 8.84 8.38 8.19   ~ 1789 1
37 UGC 4115 G 07 57 01.027 +14 23 47.66   16.0       ~ 152 0
38 IC 2233 LSB 08 13 58.909 +45 44 31.74 12.87 13.41 12.63 12.80   ~ 241 1
39 NGC 2552 AG? 08 19 20.5355420472 +50 00 34.590204468 13.44 13.00 12.56     ~ 266 1
40 UGC 4483 GiG 08 37 03.00 +69 46 31.0 15.70 15.46 14.98 14.89   ~ 303 0
41 UGC 4499 GiP 08 37 41.489 +51 39 08.58   13.50       ~ 141 1
42 LEDA 86665 LSB 08 46 37.90 +18 53 23.7   17.21       ~ 49 0
43 ESO 563-21 EmG 08 47 16.981 -20 02 08.38   13.5   12.47 12.7 ~ 88 0
44 NGC 2683 AGN 08 52 41.3064829584 +33 25 18.597681516 11.57 10.68 9.79 9.38   ~ 446 1
45 LEDA 86666 LSB 08 53 03.83 +18 26 09.4           ~ 76 0
46 LSB F563-1 LSB 08 55 01.4 +19 45 06           ~ 68 0
47 LEDA 86668 LSB 09 02 53.357 +20 04 32.21   16.9       ~ 100 0
48 NGC 2841 LIN 09 22 02.6778711696 +50 58 35.737082868 10.43 10.09 9.22     ~ 1073 1
49 UGC 5005 LSB 09 24 29.387 +22 16 29.37   18       ~ 77 0
50 NGC 2915 AG? 09 26 11.532 -76 37 34.75 13.13 12.93 12.68 11.90 12.8 ~ 354 2
51 NGC 2905 H2G 09 32 10.111 +21 30 02.99 10.44 9.75 9.07 8.68   ~ 1116 3
52 LEDA 86670 LSB 09 37 36.6 +21 46 15           ~ 51 0
53 NGC 2955 GiG 09 41 16.6170758448 +35 52 56.147040624   13.90       ~ 105 0
54 NGC 2976 GiP 09 47 15.458 +67 54 58.97 11.77 11.03 10.16 9.51   ~ 673 1
55 NGC 2998 LIN 09 48 43.6305155160 +44 04 53.217027660   13.3       ~ 216 0
56 NGC 2985 Sy1 09 50 22.233 +72 16 43.13   11.37 10.61     ~ 251 1
57 UGC 5272 AG? 09 50 22.769 +31 29 17.80   14.48   14.10   ~ 197 0
58 NGC 3109 AG? 10 03 06.877 -26 09 34.46 11.10 10.42 10.04 9.91   ~ 769 2
59 NGC 3104 AG? 10 03 57.185 +40 45 41.43   14.2       ~ 133 0
60 LEDA 86618 LSB 10 17 56.3 +21 03 41           ~ 26 0
61 NGC 3198 EmG 10 19 54.990 +45 32 58.88 10.83 10.87 10.33     ~ 905 1
62 LSB F568-1 LSB 10 25 42.1 +22 25 28           ~ 62 0
63 LSB F568-3 LSB 10 26 59 +22 13.6           ~ 79 0
64 IC 2574 AG? 10 28 23.6148831408 +68 24 43.440012756 11.70 11.07 10.87 10.74   ~ 665 1
65 UGC 5716 AG? 10 31 43.267 +25 18 27.40   17       ~ 78 0
66 NGC 3274 EmG 10 32 17.2253817864 +27 40 07.165226244   13.30   12.77   ~ 242 0
67 UGC 5750 AG? 10 35 45.12 +20 59 24.9   17       ~ 76 0
68 UGC 5764 AG? 10 36 43.1428583040 +31 32 50.189204040   15.6   15.04   ~ 114 0
69 NAME Spider AG? 10 42 42.787 +34 26 57.39   13.31 13.09 12.84 12.85 ~ 160 0
70 LEDA 86672 LSB 10 45 02.064 +22 03 15.54           ~ 83 0
71 UGC 5918 GiG 10 49 36.412 +65 32 01.07 15.55 15.27 14.79 14.55   ~ 159 0
72 NGC 3432 AG? 10 52 31.132 +36 37 07.60   11.81 11.67 11.29   ~ 299 1
73 UGC 5999 LSB 10 52 58.652 +07 37 11.27   18       ~ 54 0
74 NGC 3521 G 11 05 48.5680991376 -00 02 09.245076540 10.06 9.83 9.02 10.1 9.6 ~ 817 2
75 UGC 6399 AG? 11 23 23.2200537264 +50 53 33.503083728   14.9       ~ 108 0
76 LEDA 86674 LSB 11 26 19.08 +18 50 09.3           ~ 53 0
77 UGC 6446 GiC 11 26 40.4656762968 +53 44 48.012539280   14.5       ~ 156 0
78 NGC 3726 GiG 11 33 21.1367545656 +47 01 45.280222428   11.11   10.02   ~ 354 0
79 LSB F571-8 LSB 11 33 54.3 +19 21 18           ~ 49 0
80 NGC 3741 AG? 11 36 05.754 +45 17 02.96 15.01 14.55 14.23 14.06   ~ 220 0
81 NGC 3769 GiP 11 37 44.0727836208 +47 53 34.782808956   11.7       ~ 183 0
82 UGC 6614 LIN 11 39 14.8736598984 +17 08 37.200948684   14.8       ~ 149 0
83 UGC 6628 AG? 11 40 05.7497793984 +45 56 31.750795896   14.6       ~ 81 0
84 UGC 6667 GiC 11 42 26.309 +51 35 52.82   14.8       ~ 120 0
85 NGC 3877 GiG 11 46 07.782 +47 29 40.20   11.8       ~ 324 0
86 NGC 3893 GiP 11 48 38.207 +48 42 38.84   11.23 10.67     ~ 369 1
87 NGC 3900 GiP 11 49 09.4563144120 +27 01 19.276393872   12.5       ~ 187 0
88 NGC 3898 LIN 11 49 15.370 +56 05 03.66   11.7       ~ 310 1
89 NGC 3917 GiP 11 50 45.4481861760 +51 49 27.919475076   12.5       ~ 188 0
90 UGC 6818 AG? 11 50 46.9776888960 +45 48 26.384111676   14.6       ~ 82 0
91 NGC 3949 GiG 11 53 41.7311041896 +47 51 31.401451476   10.9       ~ 335 1
92 NGC 3953 GiG 11 53 49.0086582552 +52 19 36.475395312   11.08   9.71   ~ 359 0
93 NGC 3972 GiP 11 55 45.09048 +55 19 14.6460   13.14   11.94   ~ 217 1
94 UGC 6917 GiG 11 56 28.76784 +50 25 42.0132   14.0       ~ 137 0
95 UGC 6923 GiC 11 56 49.526 +53 09 37.21   13.90   12.96   ~ 148 0
96 UGC 6930 EmG 11 57 17.3777198280 +49 17 00.669514488   14.2       ~ 129 0
97 M 109 GiG 11 57 35.9631479640 +53 22 29.006082336   10.94   9.57   ~ 457 0
98 NGC 4013 GiG 11 58 31.417 +43 56 49.28   12.4       ~ 423 1
99 NGC 4010 GiG 11 58 37.991 +47 15 40.72   13.1       ~ 153 0
100 IC 750 AGN 11 58 52.2 +42 43 21   12.7 12.17     ~ 175 1
101 UGC 6983 GiC 11 59 08.734 +52 42 28.03   14.5       ~ 173 0
102 NGC 4051 Sy1 12 03 09.6101337312 +44 31 52.682601288   11.08 12.92 9.94   ~ 2165 1
103 NGC 4068 AG? 12 04 03.265 +52 35 26.05   13.29   12.77   ~ 180 0
104 NGC 4085 GiP 12 05 22.7304442992 +50 21 10.608113412   13.93 12.83     ~ 186 0
105 NGC 4088 GiP 12 05 34.2230093952 +50 32 21.064017876   11.2       ~ 407 1
106 UGC 7089 GiP 12 05 57.746 +43 08 36.08   14.40       ~ 112 1
107 NGC 4100 GiG 12 06 08.602 +49 34 56.32   11.7       ~ 252 0
108 UGC 7125 AG? 12 08 41.514 +36 48 08.27   14.7       ~ 83 0
109 NGC 4138 Sy2 12 09 29.8011417048 +43 41 06.864140004 12.46 12.29 11.32 10.82   ~ 410 1
110 NGC 4144 GiG 12 09 58.601 +46 27 25.85   12.17   11.50   ~ 244 0
111 NGC 4157 GiP 12 11 04.365 +50 29 04.85 12.48 12.15 11.35     ~ 353 2
112 NGC 4183 GiG 12 13 16.860 +43 41 53.77   13.5       ~ 202 0
113 NGC 4190 LSB 12 13 44.765 +36 38 02.49 13.88 13.40 13.25 12.86   ~ 211 0
114 NGC 4204 GiC 12 15 14.359 +20 39 32.68   14.3       ~ 151 0
115 NGC 4228 SBG 12 15 39.174 +36 19 36.80 10.63 10.30 9.93 9.74   ~ 965 1
116 NGC 4217 GiG 12 15 50.900 +47 05 30.44   12.4       ~ 300 2
117 NGC 4242 GiG 12 17 30.1835103480 +45 37 09.508940220   11.37 10.83     ~ 269 1
118 NGC 4288 GiG 12 20 38.119 +46 17 27.67   13.6       ~ 178 0
119 NGC 4389 GiG 12 25 35.098 +45 41 04.81   12.64   11.46   ~ 147 0
120 NGC 4395 Sy2 12 25 48.8633109888 +33 32 48.700168152 10.84 10.54 10.11 9.98   ~ 1177 1
121 Mrk 209 bCG 12 26 15.69 +48 29 38.3   15.3       ~ 346 0
122 NAME Virgo Cluster ClG 12 26 32.1 +12 43 24           ~ 6645 0
123 UGC 7559 GiP 12 27 05.566 +37 08 30.39   14.19   13.55   ~ 205 0
124 UGC 7577 GiG 12 27 40.90 +43 29 44.0 13.75 13.10 12.7 12.33   ~ 255 0
125 UGC 7608 EmG 12 28 44.078 +43 13 25.79   16.0       ~ 99 0
126 NGC 4455 EmG 12 28 44.1242000448 +22 49 13.538159508   15.5       ~ 210 0
127 NAME LOCAL SUPERCL SCG 12 31 +12.4           ~ 519 0
128 UGC 7690 LSB 12 32 26.893 +42 42 14.84   13.7       ~ 120 0
129 NGC 4559 H2G 12 35 57.6402869976 +27 57 35.859278160   10.46 10.01     ~ 629 1
130 LSB F574-1 LSB 12 38 13.3 +22 17 59           ~ 60 0
131 IC 3687 GiG 12 42 15.1540831512 +38 30 05.844632940   15.5       ~ 145 0
132 LSB F574-2 LSB 12 46 47.3 +21 48 12           ~ 26 0
133 UGC 8024 GiC 12 54 05.248 +27 08 58.67 14.37 14.23 13.95 13.84   ~ 592 1
134 UGCA 320 GiP 13 03 16.736 -17 25 22.91 13.98 13.42 13.09 12.96 13.3 ~ 122 0
135 IC 4202 EmG 13 08 31.5891545640 +24 42 02.857607676   15.2       ~ 103 0
136 NGC 5005 GiP 13 10 56.312 +37 03 32.19   14.67 13.67     ~ 541 2
137 NGC 5023 EmG 13 12 11.8036148808 +44 02 17.328663600   13.2       ~ 256 0
138 NGC 5033 Sy2 13 13 27.535 +36 35 37.14   11.01 12.03 9.73   ~ 869 3
139 UGC 8320 AG? 13 14 27.997 +45 55 11.14 13.63 13.26 13.02 12.81   ~ 282 0
140 M 63 LIN 13 15 49.2741893928 +42 01 45.728076108   9.34 8.59 8.35   ~ 1224 2
141 UGC 8333 GiC 13 15 53.778 +25 26 10.13   17       ~ 119 0
142 NGC 5204 LSB 13 29 36.508 +58 25 07.43   11.84   11.37   ~ 471 0
143 NGC 5229 LSB 13 34 02.831 +47 54 55.68   14.6       ~ 141 0
144 ESO 444-84 GiC 13 37 19.99 -28 02 42.0 16.04 15.34 15.05 15.05 14.9 ~ 121 1
145 NGC 5289 GiP 13 45 08.7075916440 +41 30 12.218593392   14.09 13.09     ~ 137 1
146 UGC 8837 AG? 13 54 45.602 +53 54 20.06   14.2       ~ 207 0
147 NGC 5390 LIN 13 55 39.9385716624 +40 27 42.380606592   12.81 11.93 10.04   ~ 350 1
148 UGC 9037 AG? 14 08 29.106 +07 03 28.80   14.5       ~ 74 0
149 NGC 5533 Sy2 14 16 07.7507477232 +35 20 37.879981584   13.0       ~ 175 1
150 MCG+07-29-060 QSO 14 17 01.716 +43 30 13.52   15.6       ~ 172 0
151 NGC 5585 GiG 14 19 48.204 +56 43 44.58   11.73 11.216 11.12 10.123 ~ 430 0
152 VLSB F579-V01 LSB 14 32 48.1 +22 45 58           ~ 38 0
153 LEDA 87128 LSB 14 33 20.315 +26 59 52.94   14.65       ~ 39 0
154 NGC 5906 GiG 15 15 53.687 +56 19 43.86   11.4       ~ 768 1
155 NGC 5985 SyG 15 39 37.0545742176 +59 19 55.216886664   15.24 14.22     ~ 249 0
156 UGC 9992 AG? 15 41 47.85 +67 15 15.3 15.71 15.22 14.81 14.44   ~ 88 0
157 NGC 6015 AG? 15 51 25.2376583904 +62 18 36.233118396   11.69 11.14 10.61 10.08 ~ 237 0
158 LSB F583-4 LSB 15 52 12 +18 47.1           ~ 57 0
159 LEDA 86657 LSB 15 57 27.483 +20 39 59.12           ~ 99 0
160 UGC 10310 AG? 16 16 17.9000468088 +47 02 43.128874644   14.9       ~ 144 0
161 NGC 6195 LIN 16 36 32.5656632424 +39 01 40.411487460   14.7       ~ 98 0
162 NGC 6503 LIN 17 49 26.4207792072 +70 08 39.604132176 11.56 10.95 10.28 9.92   ~ 520 1
163 NAME Local Void vid 18 38 +18.0           ~ 198 0
164 NGC 6674 AG? 18 38 33.889 +25 22 30.39   13.7       ~ 111 0
165 NGC 6789 AG? 19 16 41.169 +63 58 23.90   13.76       ~ 113 1
166 UGC 11455 GiP 19 29 56.3064378840 +72 06 46.537706664   15.3       ~ 61 0
167 UGC 11557 LSB 20 24 00.6851855760 +60 11 41.414285040   14.5       ~ 76 0
168 LEDA 166192 LSB 20 30 32.9 +60 21 17   16.49       ~ 58 0
169 NGC 6946 H2G 20 34 52.332 +60 09 13.24   10.5       ~ 2529 2
170 UGC 11820 LSB 21 49 28.40 +14 13 52.0   17       ~ 68 0
171 NGC 7217 LIN 22 07 52.3984675584 +31 21 33.632293572   12.94 11.92     ~ 494 0
172 NGC 7331 LIN 22 37 04.0506038088 +34 24 56.800076508 10.65 10.35 9.48     ~ 1228 2
173 UGC 12506 G 23 19 30.4940411496 +16 04 29.240723064   15.6       ~ 71 0
174 UGC 12632 GiG 23 29 58.540 +40 59 31.98   15.7       ~ 109 0
175 UGC 12732 GiP 23 40 39.86 +26 14 11.1   14.5       ~ 140 0
176 ESO 471-6 G 23 43 45.549 -31 57 24.37 14.55 14.03 13.73 13.63   ~ 147 1
177 NGC 7793 GiG 23 57 49.7540045856 -32 35 27.701550744 10.26 9.74 9.28 9.06 9.7 ~ 1107 2
178 NAME Local Group GrG ~ ~           ~ 8391 0
179 NAME CFA Great Wall SCG ~ ~           ~ 137 0

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