SIMBAD references

The origins of the black hole-black hole mergers discovered through gravitational waves with the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration are a mystery. We investigate the idea that some of these black holes originate from the centers of extremely low mass ultradwarf galaxies that have merged together in the distant past at z > 1. Extrapolating the central black hole/stellar mass ratio suggests that the black holes in these mergers could arise from galaxies of masses ∼10⁵-10⁶ M_☉. We investigate whether these galaxies merge at a rate consistent with the observed black hole rate of ∼9.7-101 Gpc^–3 yr^–1 using the latest LIGO/Virgo results. We show that in the nearby universe the merger rate and number densities of ultradwarf galaxies are too low, by an order or magnitude, to produce these black hole mergers. However, by considering that the merger fraction, merger timescales, and the number densities of low-mass galaxies all conspire at z > 1-1.5 to increase the merger rate for these galaxies at higher redshifts, we argue that it is possible that these observed gravitational wave events could arise from black holes in the centers of low-mass galaxies. The major uncertainty in this calculation is the merger dynamical timescales for black holes in low-mass galaxies. Our results suggest that a very long black hole merger timescale of 4-7 Gyr is needed, consistent with an extended merger history. Further simulations of black hole merger timescales are needed to test this possibility; however, our theory can be tested by searching for host galaxies of gravitational wave events. Results from these searches will put limits on dwarf galaxy mergers and/or the presence and formation mechanisms of black holes through Population III stars in the lowest-mass galaxies.