2020A&A...639A.126C

Context. Some metal-poor stars have abundance patterns, which are midway between the slow (s) and rapid (r) neutron capture processes.
Aims. We show that the helium shell of a fast rotating massive star experiencing a jet-like explosion undergoes two efficient neutron capture processes: one during stellar evolution and one during the explosion. It eventually provides a material whose chemical composition is midway between the s- and r-process.
Methods. A low metallicity 40M_☉ model with an initial rotational velocity of ∼700km/s was computed from birth to pre-supernova with an extended nuclear network following the slow neutron capture process. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic relativistic code was used to model a E=10⁵²erg relativistic jet-like explosion hitting the stellar mantle. The jet-induced nucleosynthesis was calculated in post-processing with an optimised network of 1812 nuclei.
Results. During the star's life, heavy elements from 30≤Z≤82 are produced thanks to an efficient s-process, which is boosted by rotation. At the end of evolution, the helium shell is largely enriched in trans-iron elements and in (unburnt) ²²Ne, whose abundance is ∼20 times higher than in a non-rotating model. During the explosion, the jet heats the helium shell up to ∼1.5GK. It efficiently activates (α, n) reactions, such as ²²Ne(α, n), and leads to a strong n-process with neutron densities of ∼10¹⁹-10²⁰cm^–3 during 0.1s. This has the effect of shifting the s-process pattern, which was built during stellar evolution, towards heavier elements (e.g. Eu). The resulting chemical pattern is consistent with the abundances of the carbon-enhanced metal-poor r/s star CS29528-028, provided the ejecta of the jet model is not homogeneously mixed.
Conclusions. The helium burning zones of rotating massive stars experience an efficient s-process during the evolution followed by an efficient n-process during a jet-like explosion. This is a new astrophysical site which can explain at least some of the metal-poor stars showing abundance patterns midway between the s- and r-process.