2017A&A...608A.144Y

We present the IRAM-30 m observations of multiple-J CO (J_up mostly from 3 up to 8) and [C I](³P₂-³P₁) ([CI](2-1) hereafter) line emission in a sample of redshift ∼2-4 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These SMGs are selected among the brightest-lensed galaxies discovered in the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS). Forty-seven CO lines and 7 [CI](2-1) lines have been detected in 15 lensed SMGs. A non-negligible effect of differential lensing is found for the CO emission lines, which could have caused significant underestimations of the linewidths, and hence of the dynamical masses. The CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs), peaking around J_up∼5-7, are found to be similar to those of the local starburst-dominated ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and of the previously studied SMGs. After correcting for lensing amplification, we derived the global properties of the bulk of molecular gas in the SMGs using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling, such as the molecular gas density n_H2∼10^2.5-10^4.1cm^–3 and the kinetic temperature T_k∼20-750K. The gas thermal pressure P_th ranging from∼10⁵K/cm³ to 10⁶K/cm³ is found to be correlated with star formation efficiency. Further decomposing the CO SLEDs into two excitation components, we find a low-excitation component with n_H2∼10^2.8-10^4.6cm^–3 and T_k∼20-30K, which is less correlated with star formation, and a high-excitation one (n_H2∼10^2.7-10^4.2cm^–3, T_k∼60-400K) which is tightly related to the on-going star-forming activity. Additionally, tight linear correlations between the far-infrared and CO line luminosities have been confirmed for the J_up≥5 CO lines of these SMGs, implying that these CO lines are good tracers of star formation. The [CI](2-1) lines follow the tight linear correlation between the luminosities of the [CI](2-1) and the CO(1-0) line found in local starbursts, indicating that [CI] lines could serve as good total molecular gas mass tracers for high-redshift SMGs as well. The total mass of the molecular gas reservoir, (1-30)x10¹⁰M_☉, derived based on the CO(3-2) fluxes and α_CO(1–0)=0.8M_☉/(K.(km/s).pc²), suggests a typical molecular gas depletion time t_dep∼20-100Myr and a gas to dust mass ratio δ_GDR∼30-100 with ∼20%-60% uncertainty for the SMGs. The ratio between CO line luminosity and the dust mass L'_CO/M_dust appears to be slowly increasing with redshift for high-redshift SMGs, which need to be further confirmed by a more complete SMG sample at various redshifts. Finally, through comparing the linewidth of CO and H₂O lines, we find that they agree well in almost all our SMGs, confirming that the emitting regions of the CO and H₂O lines are co-spatially located.