SIMBAD references

A study of the interstellar medium (ISM) and cosmic rays (CRs) using Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) data, in a region encompassing the nearby molecular clouds MBM 53, 54, and 55 and a far-infrared loop-like structure in Pegasus, is reported. By comparing the Planck dust thermal emission model with Fermi-LAT γ-ray data, it was found that neither the dust radiance (R) nor the dust opacity at 353 GHz (τ₃₅₃) was proportional to the total gas column density N(H_tot) primarily because N(H_tot)/R and N(H_tot)/τ₃₅₃ depend on the dust temperature (T_d). The N(H_tot) distribution was evaluated using γ-ray data by assuming the regions of high T_d to be dominated by optically thin atomic hydrogen (H I) and by employing an empirical linear relation of N(H_tot)/R to T_d. It was determined that the mass of the gas not traced by the 21 cm or 2.6 mm surveys is ∼25% of the mass of H I in the optically thin case and is larger than the mass of the molecular gas traced by carbon monoxide by a factor of up to 5. The measured γ-ray emissivity spectrum is consistent with a model based on CR spectra measured at the Earth and a nuclear enhancement factor of <=1.5. It is, however, lower than local H I emissivities reported by previous Fermi-LAT studies employing different analysis methods and assumptions on ISM properties by 15%-20% in energies below a few GeV, even if we take account of the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The origin of the discrepancy is also discussed.