SIMBAD references

We use measurements of the galaxy-cluster angular size versus redshift to test and compare the standard model (ΛCDM) and the Rh = ct Universe. We show that the latter fits the data with a reduced χ^2_dof=0.786 for a Hubble constant H_0= 72.6_-3.4^+3.8 km s- 1 Mpc- 1, and H0 is the sole parameter in this model. By comparison, the optimal flat Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model, with two free parameters (including Ωm = 0.50 and H_0=73.9_-9.5^+10.6 km s- 1Mpc- 1), fits the angular-size data with a reduced χ^2_dof=0.806. On the basis of their χ^2_dof values alone, both models appear to account for the data very well in spite of the fact that the Rh = ct Universe expands at a constant rate, while ΛCDM does not. However, because of the different number of free parameters in these models, selection tools, such as the Bayes Information Criterion, favour Rh = ct over ΛCDM with a likelihood of ∼ 86 percent versus ∼ 14 percent. These results impact the question of galaxy growth at large redshifts. Previous work suggested an inconsistency with the underlying cosmological model unless elliptical and disc galaxies grew in size by a surprisingly large factor ∼ 6 from z ∼ 3 to 0. The fact that both ΛCDM and Rh = ct fit the cluster-size measurements quite well casts some doubt on the suggestion that the unexpected result with individual galaxies may be due to the use of an incorrect expansion scenario, rather than astrophysical causes, such as mergers and/or selection effects.