SIMBAD references

Among dozens of young pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), some have been detected in TeV γ-rays (TeV PWNe), while others have not (non-TeV PWNe). The TeV emission detectability is not correlated with either the spin-down power or the characteristic age of the central pulsars and it is an open question as to what determines the detectability. To study this problem, we investigate the spectral evolution of five young non-TeV PWNe: 3C 58, G310.6-1.6, G292.0+1.8, G11.2-0.3 and SNR B0540-69.3. We use a spectral evolution model that was developed in our previous works to be applied to young TeV PWNe. The TeV γ-ray flux upper limits of non-TeV PWNe give upper or lower limits on parameters such as the age of the PWN and the fraction of spin-down power going into magnetic energy injection (the fraction parameter). Combined with other independent observational and theoretical studies, we can guess a plausible value of the parameters for each object. For 3C 58, we prefer parameters with an age of 2.5 kyr and fraction parameter of 3.0x10^–3, although the spectral modelling alone does not rule out a lower age and a higher fraction parameter. The fraction parameter of 3.0x10^–3 is also consistent for other non-TeV PWNe and thus the value is regarded as common to young PWNe, including TeV PWNe. Moreover, we find that the intrinsic properties of the central pulsars are similar: 10^48–50erg for the initial rotational energy and 10^42–44erg for the magnetic energy (2x10¹²-3x10¹³G for the dipole magnetic field strength at the surface). The TeV detectability is correlated with the total injected energy and the energy density of the interstellar radiation field around PWNe. Except for the case of G292.0+1.8, broken power-law injection of the particles reproduces the broad-band emission from non-TeV PWNe well.