CDS

2012ApJ...744...95R

Query : 2012ApJ...744...95R

2012ApJ...744...95R - Astrophys. J., 744, 95 (2012/January-2)

Connecting the gamma ray burst rate and the cosmic star formation history: implications for reionization and galaxy evolution.

ROBERTSON B.E. and ELLIS R.S.

Abstract (from CDS):

The contemporary discoveries of galaxies and gamma ray bursts (GRBs) at high redshift have supplied the first direct information on star formation when the universe was only a few hundred million years old. The probable origin of long duration GRBs in the deaths of massive stars would link the universal GRB rate to the redshift-dependent star formation rate (SFR) density, although exactly how is currently unknown. As the most distant GRBs and star-forming galaxies probe the reionization epoch, the potential reward of understanding the redshift-dependent ratio Ψ(z) of the GRB rate to SFR is significant and includes addressing fundamental questions such as incompleteness in rest-frame UV surveys for determining the SFR at high redshift and time variations in the stellar initial mass function. Using an extensive sample of 112 GRBs above a fixed luminosity limit drawn from the Second Swift Burst Alert Telescope catalog and accounting for uncertainty in their redshift distribution by considering the contribution of "dark" GRBs, we compare the cumulative redshift distribution N(< z) of GRBs with the star formation density dotρ*(z) measured from UV-selected galaxies over 0 < z <4. Strong evolution (e.g., Ψ(z)∝(1 + z)1.5) is disfavored (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test P < 0.07). We show that more modest evolution (e.g., Ψ(z)∝(1 + z)0.5) is consistent with the data (P ~ 0.9) and can be readily explained if GRBs occur primarily in low-metallicity galaxies which are proportionally more numerous at earlier times. If such trends continue beyond z ≃ 4, we find that the discovery rate of distant GRBs implies an SFR density much higher than that inferred from UV-selected galaxies. While some previous studies of the GRB-SFR connection have concluded that GRB-inferred star formation at high redshift would be sufficient to maintain cosmic reionization over 6<z <9 and reproduce the observed optical depth of Thomson scattering to the cosmic microwave background, we show that such a star formation history would overpredict the observed stellar mass density at z > 4 measured from rest-frame optical surveys. The resolution of this important disagreement is currently unclear, and the GRB production rate at early times is likely more complex than a simple function of SFR and progenitor metallicity.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): galaxies: evolution - gamma-ray burst: general

Simbad objects: 167

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Number of rows : 167
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2023 		#notes
1 GRB 070110 gB 00 03 39.270 -52 58 27.00 21.8 21.9 21.2     ~ 195 0
2 GRB 070611 gB 00 07 58.000 -29 45 19.40           ~ 88 0
3 GRB 060912A gB 00 21 08.11 +20 58 18.9           ~ 98 1
4 GRB 071031 gB 00 25 37.40 -58 03 33.9           ~ 162 0
5 GRB 060708 gB 00 31 13.850 -33 45 32.40 19.07 19.79 17.37     ~ 96 0
6 GRB 080710 gB 00 33 05.68 +19 30 05.8           ~ 118 0
7 GRB 071011 gB 00 33 33.100 +61 07 59.77           ~ 46 0
8 GRB 050824 gB 00 48 56.100 +22 36 32.00 19.66 21.03 20.46 23.70   ~ 168 0
9 GRB 050904 gB 00 54 50.794 +14 05 09.42           ~ 459 0
10 GRB 050908 gB 01 21 50.750 -12 57 17.20           ~ 169 0
11 Fermi bn081222204 gB 01 30 57.76 -34 05 44.0           ~ 170 0
12 Fermi bn091208410 gB 01 57 38.50 +16 52 50.7           ~ 184 0
13 GRB 060908 gB 02 07 18.360 +00 20 31.20 16.99 18.34 16.85     ~ 196 0
14 GRB 091018 gB 02 08 46 -57 33.0           ~ 137 0
15 GRB 080707 gB 02 10 28.48 +33 06 35.1           ~ 70 0
16 GRB 070721B gB 02 12 32.98 -02 11 39.8           ~ 112 0
17 GRB 060202 gB 02 23 22.940 +38 23 03.70           ~ 92 0
18 SN 2009nz SN* 02 26 19.87 -18 57 08.6           ~ 259 1
19 GRB 070802 gB 02 27 35.91 -55 31 39.1           ~ 148 0
20 GRB 080411 gB 02 31 54.82 -71 18 07.5           ~ 91 0
21 GRB 071112C gB 02 36 50.89 +28 22 16.9           ~ 141 0
22 GRB 081228 gB 02 37 50.80 +30 51 09.2           ~ 37 0
23 GRB 050603 gB 02 39 56.839 -25 10 54.92     18.48     ~ 159 0
24 GRB 060906 gB 02 43 00.900 +30 21 42.12     19.84     ~ 130 0
25 Fermi bn090926914 gB 03 05 14.30 -38 59 50.9           ~ 127 1
26 GRB 061007 gB 03 05 19.510 -50 30 02.50 14.28 14.40 12.95     ~ 285 1
27 GRB 070318 gB 03 13 56.830 -42 56 46.30 18.27 16.23 15.49     ~ 152 0
28 GRB 050318 gB 03 18 51.000 -46 23 43.61 18.10 18.68 17.58     ~ 175 0
29 SN 2006aj SN* 03 21 39.670 +16 52 02.27 17.96 19.11 17.40     SNIc-BL 912 1
30 GRB 060115 gB 03 36 08.400 +17 20 43.00           ~ 163 0
31 GRB 060223A gB 03 40 49.560 -17 07 48.40     17.90     ~ 86 0
32 GRB 060210 gB 03 50 57.370 +27 01 34.40   20.27       ~ 248 0
33 GRB 060904B gB 03 52 50.520 -00 43 30.61 18.27 19.14 18.37     ~ 185 0
34 GRB 091029 gB 04 00 40.00 -55 57 12.7           ~ 141 0
35 GRB 080913 gB 04 22 57.90 -25 07 38.6           ~ 187 0
36 GRB 060110 gB 04 50 57.850 +28 25 55.70           ~ 56 0
37 GRB 060124 gB 05 08 25.900 +69 44 26.98   18.91 17.35     ~ 256 0
38 GRB 050915A gB 05 26 44.804 -28 00 59.27           ~ 78 0
39 GRB 081118 gB 05 30 22.28 -43 18 03.1           ~ 69 0
40 GRB 060116 gB 05 38 46.170 -05 26 15.08           ~ 77 0
41 GRB 061126 gB 05 46 24.460 +64 12 38.49 18.62 18.79 19.20     ~ 170 1
42 GRB 050826 gB 05 51 01.590 -02 38 35.40           ~ 121 0
43 Fermi bn081121858 gB 05 57 07.70 -60 36 42.1           ~ 128 0
44 Fermi bn080928628 gB 06 20 16.85 -55 11 59.3           ~ 158 0
45 GRB 060729 gB 06 21 31.850 -62 22 12.69           ~ 274 0
46 GRB 061004 gB 06 31 10.710 -45 54 28.71           ~ 49 0
47 GRB 080129 gB 07 01 08.13 -07 50 47.8           ~ 77 0
48 GRB 061222B gB 07 01 24.600 -25 51 36.00     19.87     ~ 77 0
49 GRB 070411 gB 07 09 19.930 +01 03 52.60     17.94     ~ 123 0
50 GRB 071020 gB 07 58 39.65 +32 51 38.8           ~ 145 0
51 GRB 080516 gB 08 02 34.16 -26 09 35.3           ~ 50 0
52 GRB 070612A gB 08 05 28.530 +37 16 09.57           ~ 68 0
53 GRB 081028 gB 08 07 34.40 +02 18 16.8           ~ 106 0
54 Fermi bn090102122 gB 08 32 59.50 +33 06 25.7           ~ 210 0
55 GRB 051016B gB 08 48 27.810 +13 39 20.00 20.45         ~ 137 0
56 Fermi bn090516353 gB 09 12 59 -11 50.9           ~ 145 0
57 GRB 050505 gB 09 27 03.300 +30 16 23.70     20.74     ~ 188 0
58 Fermi bn090519881 gB 09 29 16.20 +00 11 23.9           ~ 83 0
59 GRB 061021 gB 09 40 36.120 -21 57 05.40 18.21 19.20 16.82     ~ 137 0
60 GRB 060108 gB 09 48 01.980 +31 55 08.59           ~ 100 0
61 GRB 061121 gB 09 48 54.570 -13 11 42.68 17.19 17.71 17.02     ~ 316 0
62 GRB 070306 gB 09 52 23.220 +10 28 55.20           ~ 199 1
63 Fermi bn090423330 gB 09 55 33.19 +18 08 57.7           ~ 344 0
64 GRB 071010B gB 10 02 09.20 +45 43 52.2           ~ 154 0
65 GRB 050319 gB 10 16 47.900 +43 32 53.80   18.02 17.01     ~ 252 0
66 SN 2009bb SN* 10 31 33.92 -39 57 28.2           SNIc 161 1
67 GRB 080430 gB 11 01 14.63 +51 41 07.8           ~ 138 0
68 GRB 080330 gB 11 17 06.70 +30 36 24.1           ~ 130 0
69 Fermi bn091020900 gB 11 42 55.20 +50 58 42.0           ~ 156 0
70 GRB 080603B gB 11 46 07.46 +68 03 38.5           ~ 131 0
71 GRB 080320 gB 11 50 56.37 +57 09 25.3           ~ 49 0
72 GRB 050412 gB 12 04 25.060 -01 12 03.60           ~ 83 0
73 GRB 070419A gB 12 10 58.830 +39 55 34.06 18.52         ~ 117 0
74 GRB 050416 gB 12 33 54.600 +21 03 26.69     19.12     ~ 271 1
75 Fermi bn090424592 gB 12 38 07.40 +16 49 45.9           ~ 227 0
76 GRB 070810A gB 12 39 51.18 +10 45 02.8           ~ 70 0
77 Fermi bn090323002 gB 12 42 50.28 +17 03 11.9           ~ 208 1
78 GRB 080607 gB 12 59 47.14 +15 55 09.6           ~ 229 0
79 GRB 060512 gB 13 03 05.810 +41 11 27.21 19.12 19.63 17.20     ~ 130 0
80 GRB 070208 gB 13 11 32.607 +61 57 54.37 20.79 20.79 19.86     ~ 105 0
81 GRB 090313 gB 13 13 36.00 +08 05 10.7           ~ 131 0
82 GRB 060206 gB 13 31 43.420 +35 03 03.60   19.99 17.09     ~ 307 0
83 GRB 050801 gB 13 36 35.000 -21 55 41.00 15.03 15.82 15.46     ~ 154 0
84 GRB 080319A gB 13 45 19.97 +44 04 49.1           ~ 74 0
85 GRB 090417B gB 13 58 44.8 +47 00 55           ~ 108 1
86 GRB 090429B gB 14 02 40.10 +32 10 14.6           ~ 140 0
87 GRB 050730 gB 14 08 17.090 -03 46 18.90   20.32 17.68     ~ 303 0
88 GRB 090529A gB 14 09 52.56 +24 27 32.2           ~ 20 0
89 GRB 080319B gB 14 31 41.04 +36 18 09.2           ~ 454 0
90 GRB 050802 gB 14 37 05.820 +27 47 12.62 16.85 17.38 16.97     ~ 170 0
91 GRB 080310 gB 14 40 13.89 -00 10 30.4           ~ 183 0
92 GRB 090205 gB 14 43 40.00 -27 50 51.4           ~ 82 0
93 GRB 060805A gB 14 43 43.480 +12 35 11.40           ~ 58 0
94 GRB 060814 gB 14 45 21.480 +20 35 11.80           ~ 209 0
95 GRB 080721 gB 14 57 55.76 -11 43 24.9           ~ 158 0
96 GRB 060714 gB 15 11 26.450 -06 33 58.30   20.21 18.54     ~ 189 0
97 GRB 060526 gB 15 31 18.360 +00 17 04.90   18.31 17.16     ~ 261 0
98 GRB 081203A gB 15 32 07.6 +63 31 15           ~ 152 0
99 GRB 060428B gB 15 41 25.570 +62 01 28.93 20.64 20.62 19.50     ~ 67 0
100 GRB 060418 gB 15 45 42.600 -03 38 20.00 15.73 16.19 14.98     ~ 353 0
101 GRB 080604 gB 15 47 51.64 +20 33 28.5           ~ 63 0
102 GRB 060510B gB 15 56 29.200 +78 34 12.00           ~ 140 0
103 GRB 090814A gB 15 58 26.44 +25 37 52.4           ~ 49 0
104 GRB 060502A gB 16 03 42.480 +66 36 02.49     18.65     ~ 128 0
105 GRB 070521 gB 16 10 38.600 +30 15 22.70           ~ 145 0
106 GRB 050401 gB 16 31 28.84 +02 11 14.5           ~ 329 0
107 GRB 090726 gB 16 34 43.50 +72 51 56.5           ~ 58 0
108 GRB 080210 gB 16 45 04.03 +13 49 36.3           ~ 107 0
109 GRB 090715B gB 16 45 21.59 +44 50 20.1           ~ 119 0
110 GRB 070518 gB 16 56 47.750 +55 17 41.40 18.68 19.22 19.01     ~ 69 0
111 GRB 060923A gB 16 58 28.150 +12 21 38.90           ~ 65 0
112 GRB 080319C gB 17 15 55.48 +55 23 31.7           ~ 152 0
113 GRB 080605 gB 17 28 30.04 +04 00 56.9           ~ 168 0
114 GRB 060926 gB 17 35 43.660 +13 02 18.60     19.36     ~ 125 0
115 Fermi bn090904058 gB 17 36 44.52 -25 12 45.9           ~ 51 0
116 GRB 050814 gB 17 36 45.390 +46 20 21.60           ~ 149 0
117 GRB 090418A gB 17 57 15.17 +33 24 21.1           ~ 85 0
118 GRB 050223 gB 18 05 32.200 -62 28 20.40           ~ 105 0
119 GRB 071122 gB 18 26 25.26 +47 04 29.5           ~ 73 0
120 GRB 050126 gB 18 32 27.22 +42 22 14.2           ~ 123 0
121 SN 2005nc SN* 18 32 32.560 +26 20 22.34           SNIc: 370 1
122 Fermi bn081008832 gB 18 39 52.40 -57 25 58.8           ~ 192 0
123 GRB 080520 gB 18 40 46.50 -54 59 30.4           ~ 61 0
124 GRB 070529 gB 18 54 58.230 +20 39 34.00 20.38   17.25     ~ 86 0
125 GRB 080413A gB 19 09 11.73 -27 40 39.6           ~ 136 0
126 GRB 071010A gB 19 12 14.42 -32 24 06.2           ~ 120 0
127 Fermi bn090618353 gB 19 36 01.80 +78 21 07.1           ~ 305 0
128 GRB 050607 gB 20 00 42.790 +09 08 31.50   19.55 18.94     ~ 95 0
129 Fermi bn080905705 gB 20 06 57.93 -62 33 46.8           ~ 97 0
130 GRB 071003 gB 20 07 24.50 +10 56 48.8           ~ 161 0
131 GRB 050315 gB 20 25 54.100 -42 36 02.19           ~ 211 0
132 GRB 070508 gB 20 51 11.810 -78 23 04.88     19.62     ~ 127 0
133 GRB 080805 gB 20 56 55.30 -62 25 58.8           ~ 89 0
134 GRB 050922C gB 21 09 33.000 -08 45 30.10 15.15 15.86 14.69     ~ 276 0
135 GRB 050713A gB 21 22 09.530 +77 04 29.50           ~ 117 0
136 GRB 060614 gB 21 23 32.140 -53 01 36.10 18.89 20.12 19.54     ~ 569 1
137 GRB 060605 gB 21 28 37.320 -06 03 31.30   20.12 16.53     ~ 188 0
138 GRB 060522 gB 21 31 44.850 +02 53 10.80           ~ 128 0
139 GRB 061110B gB 21 35 40.400 +06 52 34.10           ~ 82 0
140 GRB 080413B gB 21 44 34.62 -19 58 51.2           ~ 164 0
141 Fermi bn080804972 gB 21 54 41.90 -53 11 20.2           ~ 134 0
142 GRB 090809 gB 21 54 43.2 -00 05 02           ~ 75 0
143 GRB 060927A gB 21 58 11.930 +05 21 50.32           ~ 193 0
144 GRB 060607 gB 21 58 50.400 -22 29 46.70 18.49 16.67 15.09     ~ 290 0
145 GRB 051109A gB 22 01 15.320 +40 49 23.70   20.09 20.14     ~ 167 0
146 Fermi bn081109293 gB 22 03 11.50 -54 42 40.5           ~ 103 1
147 GRB 060505 gB 22 07 03.440 -27 48 51.89           ~ 250 1
148 Fermi bn090510016 gB 22 14 12.60 -26 35 51.1           ~ 475 1
149 GRB 071117 gB 22 20 10.40 -63 26 36.6           ~ 97 0
150 Fermi bn080916406 gB 22 25 09.30 -57 01 33.7           ~ 152 0
151 GRB 061110A gB 22 25 09.800 -02 15 30.70 21.43         ~ 124 0
152 GRB 060604 gB 22 28 55.010 -10 54 55.80 20.34 20.31       ~ 120 0
153 GRB 050820A gB 22 29 38.110 +19 33 37.10 18.33 19.00 18.47     ~ 377 0
154 Fermi bn091024380 gB 22 37 +56.9           ~ 124 0
155 SN 2008hw SN* 22 39 50.39 -40 08 49.1           SNIc 167 1
156 Fermi bn090927422 gB 22 55 53.41 -70 58 49.3           ~ 88 0
157 GRB 020819 gB 23 00 12 -43 00.7           ~ 126 1
158 GRB 051109B gB 23 01 50.330 +38 40 46.51           ~ 82 0
159 GRB 081029 gB 23 07 06 -68 10.7           ~ 104 0
160 GRB 070506 gB 23 08 52.390 +10 43 20.30     19.04     ~ 77 0
161 GRB 051111A gB 23 12 33.170 +18 22 28.80 19.77 20.08 19.50     ~ 203 0
162 GRB 050803 gB 23 22 37.910 +05 47 09.00           ~ 113 0
163 GRB 090812 gB 23 32 48.5 -10 36 17           ~ 138 0
164 GRB 071025 gB 23 40 17.02 +31 46 42.4           ~ 108 0
165 Fermi bn080810549 gB 23 47 08.00 +00 18 35.1           ~ 206 0
166 GRB 060707 gB 23 48 19.000 -17 54 17.00     19.79     ~ 153 0
167 GRB 061222A gB 23 53 03.419 +46 31 58.60           ~ 153 0

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2023.06.01-22:04:58

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