SIMBAD references

The plateaus observed in about one half of the early X-ray afterglows are the most puzzling feature in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by Swift. By analyzing the temporal and spectral indices of a large X-ray plateau sample, we find that 55% can be explained by external, forward shock synchrotron emission produced by a relativistic ejecta coasting in a ρ∝r ^–2, wind-like medium; no energy injection into the shock is needed. After the ejecta collects enough medium and transitions to the adiabatic, decelerating blast wave phase, it produces the post-plateau decay. For those bursts consistent with this model, we find an upper limit for the initial Lorentz factor of the ejecta, Γ₀ ≤ 46(ε_e/0.1)^–0.24(ε_B/0.01)^0.17; the isotropic equivalent total ejecta energy is E_iso∼ 10⁵³(ε_ e_/0.1)-1.3^(εB_/0.01)-0.09^(tb_/10⁴ s) erg, where ε_ e_ and ε_Bare the fractions of the total energy at the shock downstream that are carried by electrons and the magnetic field, respectively, and t_b is the end of the plateau. Our finding supports Wolf-Rayet stars as the progenitor stars of some GRBs. It raises intriguing questions about the origin of an intermediate-Γ₀ejecta, which we speculate is connected to the GRB jet emergence from its host star. For the remaining 45% of the sample, the post-plateau decline is too rapid to be explained in the coasting-in-wind model, and energy injection appears to be required.