SIMBAD references

We present a detailed analysis of the partial coverage of the Q1232+082 (z_em= 2.57) broad-line region (BLR) by an intervening H₂-bearing cloud at z_abs= 2.3377. Using curve of growth analysis and line profile fitting, we demonstrate that the H₂-bearing component of the cloud covers the quasi-stellar object (QSO) intrinsic continuum source completely but only part of the BLR. We find that only 48±6 per cent of the C IV BLR emission is covered by the C I absorbing gas. We observe residual light ( ∼ 6 per cent) as well in the bottom of the O I λ1302 absorption from the cloud, redshifted on top of the QSO Lyman α emission line. Therefore, the extent of the neutral phase of the absorbing cloud is not large enough to cover all of the background source. The most likely explanation for this partial coverage is the small size of the intervening cloud, which is comparable to the BLR size. We estimate the number densities in the cloud: n_H2 ∼ 110/cm3 for the H₂-bearing core and n_H ∼ 30/cm3 for the neutral envelope. Given the column densities, N(H₂) = 3.71 ±0.97 {x} 10¹⁹/cm2 and N(H I) = 7.94±1.6 {x} 10²⁰/cm2, we derive the linear size of the H₂-bearing core and the neutral envelope along the line of sight to be l_H2 ∼ 0.15^+0.05_–0.05 pc and l_H2 ∼ 8.2^+6.5_–4.1pc, respectively. We estimate the size of the C IV BLR by two ways: (i) extrapolating size–luminosity relations derived from reverberation observations and (ii) assuming that the H₂-bearing core and the BLR are spherical in shape and the results are ∼ 0.26 and ∼ 0.18 pc, respectively. The large size we derive for the extent of the neutral phase of the absorbing cloud together with a covering factor of ∼ 0.94 of the Lyman α emission means that the Lyman α BLR is probably fully covered but that the Lyman α emission extends well beyond the limits of the BLR.

Based on observations carried out at European Southern Observatory with the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) mounted on the Very Large Telescope (VLT), unit Kueyen, on Cerro Paranal in Chile, under programmes ID 65.P-0038 (P.I. Srianand), 68.A-0106, 69.A-0061, 70.A-0017 (P.I. Petitjean) and 71.B-0136 (P.I. Srianand).