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Query : 2009MNRAS.400..995F |
2009MNRAS.400..995F - Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 400, 995-1005 (2009/December-1)
Follow-up observations at 16 and 33GHz of extragalactic sources from WMAP 3-yr data: II - flux density variability.
FRANZEN T.M.O., DAVIES M.L., DAVIES R.D., DAVIS R.J., FEROZ F., GENOVA-SANTOS R., GRAINGE K.J.B., GREEN D.A., HOBSON M.P., HURLEY-WALKER N., LASENBY A.N., LOPEZ-CANIEGO M., OLAMAIE M., PADILLA-TORRES C.P., POOLEY G.G., REBOLO R., RODRIGUEZ-GONZALVEZ C., SAUNDERS R.D.E., SCAIFE A.M.M., SCOTT P.F., SHIMWELL T.W., TITTERINGTON D.J., WALDRAM E.M., WATSON R.A. and ZWART J.T.L.
Abstract (from CDS):
We find that 53 per cent of the 93 sources, for which we have multiple observations, are variable, at the 99 per cent confidence level, above the flux density calibration uncertainties of ~4 per cent at 16GHz; the fraction of sources having varied by more than 20 per cent is 15 per cent at 16GHz and 20 per cent at 33GHz. Not only is this common occurrence of variability at high frequency of interest for source physics, but also strategies for coping with source contamination in cosmic microwave background work must take this variability into account.
There is no strong evidence of a correlation between variability and flux density for the sample as a whole. For those sources classified as variable, the mean fractional rms variation in flux density increases significantly with the length of time separating observation pairs. Using a maximum likelihood method, we calculate the correlation in the variability at the two frequencies in a subset of sources classified as variable from both the AMI and VSA data and find the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient to be very high (0.955 ±0.034). We also find the degree of variability at 16GHz (0.202±0.028) to be very similar to that at 33GHz (0.224±0.039).
Finally, we have investigated the relationship between variability and spectral index, α33.7513.9 (where S ∝ ν–α), and find a significant difference in the spectral indices of the variable sources (-0.06±0.05) and non-variable sources (0.13±0.04).
Abstract Copyright: © 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2009 RAS
Journal keyword(s): galaxies: active - cosmic microwave background - cosmology: observations - radio continuum: general
VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/MNRAS/400/995): table3.dat>
Simbad objects: 97
Number of rows : 97 |
N | Identifier | Otype |
ICRS (J2000) RA |
ICRS (J2000) DEC |
Mag U | Mag B | Mag V | Mag R | Mag I | Sp type |
#ref
1850 - 2024 |
#notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [VV2000] J002945.9+055440 | Bla | 00 29 45.89631836 | +05 54 40.7120179 | 19.5 | 15.92 | 19.50 | ~ | 67 | 1 | ||
2 | NGC 315 | LIN | 00 57 48.88334410 | +30 21 08.8119345 | 12.80 | 12.20 | 11.16 | 11.26 | ~ | 787 | 2 | |
3 | ICRF J010549.9+481903 | Bz? | 01 05 49.92815750 | +48 19 03.1928710 | 23.99 | ~ | 40 | 0 | ||||
4 | 4C 01.02 | Bla | 01 08 38.77110544 | +01 35 00.3171844 | 18.54 | 18.39 | 19.05 | ~ | 543 | 1 | ||
5 | 2C 94 | Sy2 | 01 08 52.8701830824 | +13 20 14.262799812 | 15.19 | ~ | 477 | 2 | ||||
6 | 6C 013354+473615 | Bla | 01 36 58.59480326 | +47 51 29.1000720 | 19.50 | 19.25 | 15.21 | ~ | 501 | 1 | ||
7 | GB6 J0152+2206 | Rad | 01 52 17.8 | +22 06 58 | ~ | 8 | 0 | |||||
8 | 4C 15.05 | Bla | 02 04 50.41389294 | +15 14 11.0436097 | 21.9 | 21.00 | 21.00 | ~ | 412 | 1 | ||
9 | 7C 020209.69+315812.00 | QSO | 02 05 04.92536206 | +32 12 30.0954703 | 17.40 | 17.40 | ~ | 227 | 1 | |||
10 | GB6 J0221+3556 | Rad | 02 21 05.8 | +35 56 13 | ~ | 8 | 0 | |||||
11 | GB6 J0223+4259 | Rad | 02 23 14.5 | +42 59 19 | ~ | 11 | 0 | |||||
12 | 4C 28.07 | QSO | 02 37 52.40567519 | +28 48 08.9899986 | 19.30 | 16.99 | ~ | 613 | 1 | |||
13 | QSO B0235+1624 | BLL | 02 38 38.93010450 | +16 36 59.2745528 | 16.46 | 15.50 | 15.92 | ~ | 1545 | 2 | ||
14 | 4C 47.08 | BLL | 03 03 35.24221958 | +47 16 16.2754726 | 17.54 | 16.95 | 16.2 | ~ | 272 | 1 | ||
15 | 3C 84 | Sy2 | 03 19 48.1599902040 | +41 30 42.108850836 | 13.10 | 12.48 | 11.09 | ~ | 4008 | 3 | ||
16 | 6C 033321+320838 | Bla | 03 36 30.10760267 | +32 18 29.3422162 | 17.50 | 16.6 | ~ | 654 | 1 | |||
17 | QSO B0336-0156 | QSO | 03 39 30.93778633 | -01 46 35.8041892 | 18.96 | 18.41 | 17.33 | ~ | 557 | 1 | ||
18 | GB6 J0418+3801 | Rad | 04 18 22.10 | +38 01 47.0 | ~ | 4 | 0 | |||||
19 | QSO B0420-0127 | QSO | 04 23 15.80072217 | -01 20 33.0656073 | 17.50 | 17.00 | 16.28 | ~ | 1207 | 3 | ||
20 | 6C 042027+414321 | BLL | 04 23 56.00979158 | +41 50 02.7129362 | 19 | 19.2 | ~ | 108 | 2 | |||
21 | QSO B0422+004 | BLL | 04 24 46.8421990080 | +00 36 06.329375028 | 16.15 | 15.94 | 16.98 | ~ | 358 | 1 | ||
22 | Mrk 1506 | Sy1 | 04 33 11.0956735296 | +05 21 15.619461552 | 15.72 | 15.05 | 10.08 | ~ | 2000 | 2 | ||
23 | NAME Per B | AGN | 04 37 04.37535450 | +29 40 13.8179631 | 21.7 | ~ | 514 | 2 | ||||
24 | QSO B0446+113 | BLL | 04 49 07.67110194 | +11 21 28.5963618 | 20.00 | 18.58 | ~ | 265 | 1 | |||
25 | 4C -02.19 | QSO | 05 01 12.80988538 | -01 59 14.2564557 | 19.1 | 18.06 | 19.04 | ~ | 585 | 1 | ||
26 | 6C 052928+482031 | QSO | 05 33 15.86579115 | +48 22 52.8077787 | 19.90 | ~ | 128 | 1 | ||||
27 | 7C 055201.39+394824.00 | Bla | 05 55 30.80561419 | +39 48 49.1649683 | 18.30 | 17.5 | ~ | 505 | 2 | |||
28 | GB6 J0646+4451 | Rad | 06 46 31.4 | +44 51 22 | ~ | 12 | 0 | |||||
29 | ICRF J073352.5+502209 | Sy1 | 07 33 52.52058088 | +50 22 09.0622668 | 19.30 | 18.37 | ~ | 111 | 1 | |||
30 | GB6 J0738+1742 | Rad | 07 38 07.6 | +17 42 26 | ~ | 10 | 0 | |||||
31 | QSO B0736+01 | QSO | 07 39 18.03389906 | +01 37 04.6177501 | 16.90 | 16.47 | 16.19 | ~ | 687 | 1 | ||
32 | QSO B0748+126 | QSO | 07 50 52.04573865 | +12 31 04.8282079 | 17.67 | 17.28 | 17.16 | ~ | 334 | 1 | ||
33 | QSO B0754+10 | BLL | 07 57 06.64295154 | +09 56 34.8522544 | 15.43 | 15.00 | 15.99 | ~ | 439 | 1 | ||
34 | QSO B0823+033 | BLL | 08 25 50.33835759 | +03 09 24.5199749 | 17.81 | 17.23 | 16.91 | ~ | 329 | 1 | ||
35 | ICRF J083052.0+241059 | Sy1 | 08 30 52.08619250 | +24 10 59.8202919 | 17.62 | 17.26 | 16.30 | ~ | 529 | 1 | ||
36 | ICRF J084047.5+131223 | Sy1 | 08 40 47.58842599 | +13 12 23.5637506 | 18.58 | 18.15 | 17.622 | ~ | 434 | 1 | ||
37 | QSO J0854+2006 | BLL | 08 54 48.8749846272 | +20 06 30.639583620 | 15.91 | 15.43 | 15.56 | ~ | 2329 | 1 | ||
38 | ICRF J090910.0+012135 | Sy1 | 09 09 10.09159883 | +01 21 35.6176206 | 17.63 | 17.29 | 17.04 | ~ | 426 | 2 | ||
39 | 6C 091740+445437 | Bla | 09 20 58.45848666 | +44 41 53.9850947 | 18.40 | 18.16 | 16.55 | ~ | 378 | 1 | ||
40 | ICRF J092703.0+390220 | Sy1 | 09 27 03.01394144 | +39 02 20.8518067 | 17.17 | 17.00 | 16.486 | ~ | 1001 | 1 | ||
41 | GB6 J0948+4039 | Rad | 09 48 55.2 | +40 39 56 | ~ | 11 | 0 | |||||
42 | US 1139 | QSO | 09 58 19.67164698 | +47 25 07.8424065 | 18.78 | 18.62 | 18.39 | ~ | 240 | 1 | ||
43 | ICRF J103303.7+411606 | Sy1 | 10 33 03.70787172 | +41 16 06.2329333 | 20.01 | 19.64 | 19.97 | ~ | 210 | 1 | ||
44 | QSO B1036+054 | QSO | 10 38 46.77987408 | +05 12 29.0867216 | 20.21 | 19.45 | 19.53 | ~ | 102 | 1 | ||
45 | 4C 06.41 | BLL | 10 41 17.16249940 | +06 10 16.9237327 | 16.86 | 16.70 | 16.14 | ~ | 289 | 1 | ||
46 | ICRF J105829.6+013358 | Sy1 | 10 58 29.60520810 | +01 33 58.8237454 | 18.74 | 18.28 | 16.68 | ~ | 775 | 2 | ||
47 | 7C 112812.59+383153.00 | QSO | 11 30 53.28261620 | +38 15 18.5469361 | 19.11 | 18.80 | 19.42 | ~ | 211 | 1 | ||
48 | LB 2136 | Sy1 | 11 53 24.46663994 | +49 31 08.8301372 | 17.94 | 17.66 | ~ | 498 | 1 | |||
49 | Ton 599 | Sy1 | 11 59 31.83391383 | +29 14 43.8268224 | 14.80 | 14.41 | 17.652 | 13.39 | ~ | 925 | 1 | |
50 | NGC 4261 | LIN | 12 19 23.2160630 | +05 49 29.700024 | 13.92 | 12.87 | ~ | 1223 | 0 | |||
51 | 3C 273 | BLL | 12 29 06.6998257176 | +02 03 08.597629980 | 13.05 | 14.830 | 14.11 | ~ | 5798 | 1 | ||
52 | M 87 | AGN | 12 30 49.42338414 | +12 23 28.0436859 | 10.16 | 9.59 | 8.63 | 7.49 | ~ | 7193 | 3 | |
53 | NEWPS5 J1310+3220 | QSO | 13 10 29.5 | +32 20 51 | ~ | 13 | 0 | |||||
54 | GB6 J1331+3030 | Rad | 13 31 08.0 | +30 30 35 | ~ | 12 | 0 | |||||
55 | GB6 J1347+1217 | Rad | 13 47 33.4 | +12 17 17 | ~ | 6 | 0 | |||||
56 | [OKM2018] SWIFT J1357.0+1929 | Sy1 | 13 57 04.4366598768 | +19 19 07.371837768 | 16.33 | 16.03 | 15.3 | ~ | 455 | 2 | ||
57 | GB6 J1419+3822 | Rad | 14 19 45.9 | +38 22 01 | ~ | 12 | 0 | |||||
58 | GB6 J1504+1029 | Rad | 15 04 24.0 | +10 29 43 | ~ | 10 | 0 | |||||
59 | ICRF J151640.2+001501 | Sy2 | 15 16 40.21905672 | +00 15 01.9090936 | 17.28 | 16.64 | 10.53 | ~ | 197 | 1 | ||
60 | QSO B1546+0246 | Bla | 15 49 29.43684740 | +02 37 01.1632556 | 17.57 | 17.42 | 15.53 | ~ | 364 | 1 | ||
61 | 4C 05.64 | QSO | 15 50 35.26924234 | +05 27 10.4483641 | 19.10 | 18.73 | 19.02 | ~ | 348 | 1 | ||
62 | 4C 10.45 | QSO | 16 08 46.20318700 | +10 29 07.7757424 | 18.5 | 18.70 | 18.03 | ~ | 383 | 1 | ||
63 | 6C 161147+342017 | QSO | 16 13 41.06424322 | +34 12 47.9088535 | 17.98 | 17.46 | 17.07 | ~ | 642 | 1 | ||
64 | 4C 38.41 | QSO | 16 35 15.49297809 | +38 08 04.5005995 | 18.14 | 17.97 | 17.25 | ~ | 858 | 1 | ||
65 | ICRF J163813.4+572023 | Sy1 | 16 38 13.45629995 | +57 20 23.9789828 | 16.90 | 16.94 | ~ | 359 | 1 | |||
66 | NAME Her B | Sy1 | 16 42 58.80997043 | +39 48 36.9939552 | 16.81 | 16.59 | 16.84 | ~ | 1725 | 2 | ||
67 | NAME Hercules A | rG | 16 51 07.9886687784 | +04 59 35.547131472 | 18.25 | ~ | 465 | 1 | ||||
68 | 2C 1473 | AGN | 17 20 28.1680537512 | -00 58 46.582453920 | 15.36 | ~ | 324 | 1 | ||||
69 | 7C 172601.30+453309.00 | BLL | 17 27 27.65080202 | +45 30 39.7312530 | 19.0 | 18.10 | 16.64 | ~ | 208 | 1 | ||
70 | GB6 J1734+3857 | Rad | 17 34 20.5 | +38 57 45 | ~ | 11 | 0 | |||||
71 | 4C 51.37 | Bla | 17 40 36.97784792 | +52 11 43.4073694 | 18.16 | 18.70 | 16.73 | ~ | 413 | 1 | ||
72 | QSO B1741-038 | QSO | 17 43 58.85613537 | -03 50 04.6167326 | 20.40 | 17.98 | ~ | 548 | 1 | |||
73 | WMAP J1751+0937 | QSO | 17 51 41.0 | +09 41 10 | ~ | 8 | 0 | |||||
74 | QSO J1753+2848 | QSO | 17 53 42.47364223 | +28 48 04.9388788 | 19.6 | 19.60 | 20.28 | ~ | 107 | 1 | ||
75 | 7C 180003.10+440418.00 | QSO | 18 01 32.31481983 | +44 04 21.9002442 | 16.8 | 17.90 | 15.29 | ~ | 207 | 1 | ||
76 | 4C 56.27 | BLL | 18 24 07.06837171 | +56 51 01.4908155 | 18.9 | 19.30 | 16.48 | ~ | 482 | 1 | ||
77 | ICRF J182931.7+484446 | Sy1 | 18 29 31.7809732968 | +48 44 46.160168892 | 17.05 | 16.81 | 16.860 | ~ | 688 | 1 | ||
78 | QSO B1954+513 | QSO | 19 55 42.73825546 | +51 31 48.5461173 | 18.5 | 17.34 | ~ | 237 | 1 | |||
79 | NEWPS5 J1959+4034 | Rad | 19 59 21.8 | +40 34 28 | ~ | 2 | 0 | |||||
80 | QSO J2123+0535 | QSO | 21 23 44.51739933 | +05 35 22.0930238 | 18.3 | 20.40 | 19.86 | ~ | 294 | 1 | ||
81 | 4C -02.81 | BLL | 21 34 10.30958988 | -01 53 17.2389056 | 18.6 | 19.00 | 18.87 | ~ | 382 | 1 | ||
82 | QSO B2134+0028 | QSO | 21 36 38.58632232 | +00 41 54.2128562 | 17.30 | 17.08 | 17.02 | ~ | 562 | 2 | ||
83 | QSO B2136+1410 | QSO | 21 39 01.30926630 | +14 23 35.9921774 | 18.90 | 18.22 | ~ | 248 | 1 | |||
84 | ICRF J214335.5+174348 | Sy1 | 21 43 35.54456275 | +17 43 48.7875890 | 15.91 | 15.73 | 15.17 | ~ | 389 | 1 | ||
85 | 4C 06.69 | Bla | 21 48 05.45866779 | +06 57 38.6041877 | 16.85 | 16.47 | 15.06 | ~ | 676 | 1 | ||
86 | NAME BL Lac | BLL | 22 02 43.2913536816 | +42 16 39.979416792 | 15.66 | 14.72 | ~ | 2258 | 1 | |||
87 | GB6 J2203+3145 | Rad | 22 03 15.8 | +31 45 38 | ~ | 11 | 0 | |||||
88 | GB6 J2203+1725 | Rad | 22 03 26.7 | +17 25 42 | ~ | 11 | 0 | |||||
89 | QSO B2209+236 | QSO | 22 12 05.96631459 | +23 55 40.5438259 | 19 | 20.66 | 19.69 | ~ | 230 | 1 | ||
90 | 4C -03.79 | QSO | 22 18 52.03772044 | -03 35 36.8795441 | 16.93 | 16.38 | 16.15 | ~ | 341 | 1 | ||
91 | QSO J2225+2118 | QSO | 22 25 38.0470440264 | +21 18 06.414418332 | 18.19 | 17.65 | ~ | 172 | 1 | |||
92 | 4C 11.69 | Bla | 22 32 36.40890093 | +11 43 50.9040592 | 17.75 | 17.33 | ~ | 1119 | 2 | |||
93 | GB6 J2236+2828 | Rad | 22 36 20.8 | +28 28 56 | ~ | 10 | 0 | |||||
94 | 3C 454.3 | Bla | 22 53 57.7480438728 | +16 08 53.561508864 | 16.57 | 16.10 | 15.22 | ~ | 2847 | 2 | ||
95 | QSO B2325+093 | Bla | 23 27 33.58055652 | +09 40 09.4627185 | 18.5 | 19.5 | 18.26 | ~ | 187 | 1 | ||
96 | QSO B2332-017 | QSO | 23 35 20.41204300 | -01 31 09.5917037 | 18.4 | 18.78 | 18.35 | ~ | 105 | 1 | ||
97 | 4C 45.51 | QSO | 23 54 21.68022501 | +45 53 04.2365520 | 20.6 | 20.60 | 19.1 | ~ | 230 | 1 |
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