2006ApJ...653.1226Q

Query : 2006ApJ...653.1226Q

2006ApJ...653.1226Q - Astrophys. J., 653, 1226-1240 (2006/December-3)

The electron temperature gradient in the galactic disk.

QUIREZA C., ROOD R.T., BANIA T.M., BALSER D.S. and MACIEL W.J.

Abstract (from CDS):

We derive the electron temperature gradient in the Galactic disk, using a sample of H II regions that spans Galactocentric distances of 0-17 kpc. The electron temperature was calculated using high-precision radio recombination line and continuum observations for more than 100 H II regions. Nebular Galactocentric distances were calculated in a consistent manner, using the radial velocities measured by our radio recombination line survey. The large number of nebulae widely distributed over the Galactic disk, together with the uniformity of our data, provide a secure estimate of the present electron temperature gradient in the Milky Way. Because metals are the main coolants in the photoionized gas, the electron temperature along the Galactic disk should be directly related to the distribution of heavy elements in the Milky Way. Our best estimate of the electron temperature gradient is derived from a sample of 76 sources for which we have the highest quality data. The present gradient in electron temperature has a minimum at the Galactic center and rises at a rate of 287±46 K/kpc. There are no significant variations in the value of the gradient as a function of Galactocentric radius or azimuth. The scatter we find in the H II region electron temperatures at a given Galactocentric radius is not due to observational error, but rather to intrinsic fluctuations in these temperatures, which are almost certainly due to fluctuations in the nebular heavy-element abundances. Comparing the H II region gradient with the much steeper gradient found for planetary nebulae suggests that the electron temperature gradient evolves with time, becoming flatter as a consequence of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way's disk.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): ISM: H II Regions - ISM: Abundances - ISM: Clouds - ISM: Evolution - ISM: Lines and Bands - ISM: Structure - Nuclear Reactions, Nucleosynthesis, Abundances - Radio Lines: ISM

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/653/1226): table1.dat>

Simbad objects: 156

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Number of rows : 156
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 NGC 7822 HII 00 01 08.58 +67 25 17.0           ~ 118 3
2 IC 1795 HII 02 25 43.5 +62 06 13           ~ 238 0
3 NAME W 3 North HII 02 26 51.14 +62 15 47.2           ~ 91 0
4 W 3 MoC 02 27 04.10 +61 52 27.1           ~ 1032 3
5 NGC 1491 HII 04 03 15.9 +51 18 54           ~ 112 1
6 SH 2-209 S HII 04 10 14.40 +50 58 12.0           ~ 2 0
7 SH 2-209 HII 04 11 06.7 +51 09 44           ~ 96 0
8 SH 2-209 N HII 04 11 06.82 +51 11 19.7           ~ 4 0
9 SH 2-212 HII 04 40 37.8 +50 27 40           ~ 98 2
10 LBN 784 HII 05 13 25.5 +37 27 01           ~ 77 0
11 NAME LMC G 05 23 34.6 -69 45 22     0.4     ~ 17420 0
12 M 42 HII 05 35 17 -05 23.4           ~ 4073 0
13 NAME Ori A MoC 05 38 -07.1           ~ 3008 0
14 SH 2-235 B HII 05 40 52.366 +35 41 29.43   17       ~ 179 1
15 GAL 173.60+02.80 HII 05 40 59.7 +35 51 04           ~ 9 0
16 SH 2-235 HII 05 41.1 +35 50           ~ 218 0
17 GAL 213.71-12.6 HII 06 07 45.3 -06 22 58           ~ 5 0
18 NAME Mon R2 HII 06 07 47.58 -06 22 42.6           ~ 742 2
19 [L89b] 189.971+00.395 HII 06 09 10.5 +20 30 25           ~ 3 0
20 NGC 2175 OpC 06 09 39 +20 29.2   7.0 6.8     ~ 261 3
21 NGC 2237 Cl* 06 30 36.10 +04 58 50.6           ~ 70 2
22 NGC 2246 GNe 06 30 39.54 +04 59 07.1           ~ 24 1
23 GAL 206.618-01.8 HII 06 33 30.41 +04 47 39.8           ~ 2 0
24 GAL 201.6+01.6 HII 06 36 36.3 +10 46 30           ~ 27 0
25 LBN 1020 HII 06 55 21.9 -08 00 25           ~ 11 0
26 GRS G223.70 -01.90 HII 07 04 19.52 -10 27 22.6           ~ 5 0
27 SH 2-301 HII 07 09 54.3 -18 29 53           ~ 49 0
28 NGC 2359 HII 07 18 30.000 -13 13 36.00           ~ 166 0
29 GAL 227.79-00.12 HII 07 18 35.96 -13 14 34.2           ~ 1 0
30 NGC 2467 OpC 07 52 18 -26 25.7           ~ 185 1
31 GAL 243.16+00.37 HII 07 52 22.8 -26 25 41           ~ 9 0
32 GAL 345.03+01.54 HII 16 57 54.0 -40 22 52           ~ 5 0
33 GAL 345.31+01.47 HII 16 59 05.0 -40 12 22           ~ 6 0
34 GAL 345.40+01.41 HII 16 59 39.7 -40 10 16           ~ 8 0
35 GAL 345.23+01.04 HII 17 00 38.1 -40 32 10           ~ 8 0
36 GAL 346.54+00.10 HII 17 08 42.3 -40 03 54           ~ 5 0
37 GAL 345.43-00.94 HII 17 09 35.8 -41 34 39           ~ 8 0
38 GAL 347.96-00.44 HII 17 15 19.5 -39 13 52           ~ 10 0
39 SH 2-4 HII 17 18 23.9 -39 19 10           ~ 84 4
40 GAL 350.13+00.09 HII 17 19 30.0 -37 09 31           ~ 7 0
41 [L89b] 351.063+00.662 HII 17 19 49.3 -36 03 52           ~ 5 0
42 [L89b] 351.192+00.708 HII 17 19 59.927 -35 55 58.45           ~ 6 0
43 GAL 348.72-01.03 HII 17 20 03.0 -38 57 30           ~ 7 0
44 NGC 6334A HII 17 20 19.3 -35 54 55           ~ 121 0
45 GAL 351.36+00.67 HII 17 20 38.3 -35 49 13           ~ 6 0
46 NGC 6334D HII 17 20 44.2 -35 49 18           ~ 38 0
47 [L89b] 351.201+00.483 HII 17 20 56.4 -36 03 12           ~ 5 0
48 SH 2-8 HII 17 21.5 -36 02           ~ 15 0
49 NGC 6357 OpC 17 24 44 -34 12.2           ~ 274 0
50 GAL 353.21+00.91 HII 17 24 47.2 -34 09 44           ~ 5 0
51 [L89b] 353.186+00.887 HII 17 24 48.3 -34 11 18           ~ 5 0
52 [L89b] 353.035+00.748 HII 17 24 57.0 -34 23 30           ~ 6 0
53 GAL 351.47-00.46 HII 17 25 33.0 -36 22 05           ~ 12 0
54 GAL 353.14+00.66 HII 17 25 34.7 -34 21 26           ~ 7 0
55 GAL 353.08+00.36 HII 17 26 39.0 -34 34 13           ~ 7 0
56 GAL 352.61-00.17 HII 17 27 30.8 -35 15 26           ~ 6 0
57 GAL 351.69-01.17 HII 17 29 05.1 -36 34 13           ~ 12 0
58 IRAS 17258-3637 HII 17 29 16.7 -36 40 13           ~ 57 0
59 [KC97c] G351.6-01.3 HII 17 29 17.8 -36 41 47           ~ 7 0
60 GAL 353.43-00.37 ? 17 30 31.2425868792 -34 40 58.941812424           ~ 4 0
61 GAL 353.398-00.3 HII 17 30 31.8 -34 43 22           ~ 4 0
62 [L89b] 353.398-00.391 HII 17 30 31.8 -34 43 22           ~ 4 0
63 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 14393 0
64 [LPH96] 000.605+0.325 HII 17 45 47.3 -28 15 01           ~ 4 0
65 NAME Sgr B2 MoC 17 47 20.4 -28 23 07           ~ 2263 1
66 GAL 000.67-00.03 HII 17 47 20.5 -28 23 19           ~ 5 0
67 GAL 001.13-00.10 HII 17 48 39.2 -28 01 57           ~ 3 1
68 [CKW87] 174531.7-280044 HII 17 48 40.9 -28 01 40           ~ 8 0
69 GAL 002.90+00.0 HII 17 52 23.6 -26 27 09           ~ 6 0
70 MSX6C G003.2652-00.1035 HII 17 53 35.8 -26 10 59           ~ 9 0
71 RAFGL 2046 HII 18 00 32.1 -24 04 03           ~ 361 0
72 [WC89] 005.89-0.39A HII 18 00 41.3 -24 04 12           ~ 3 0
73 PMN J1803-2148 HII 18 02 59.4 -21 48 18           ~ 15 0
74 M 8 OpC 18 03 37 -24 23.2           ~ 613 1
75 [CKW87] 180037.6-242250 HII 18 03 41.6 -24 22 41           ~ 11 0
76 [KC97c] G006.0-01.3 HII 18 03 59.4 -24 26 10           ~ 5 0
77 GAL 010.30-00.15 HII 18 08 56.11 -20 05 53.8           ~ 82 0
78 GAL 010.15-00.34 HII 18 09 21.5680 -20 19 27.720           ~ 74 0
79 RAFGL 2078 HII 18 09 25.9 -20 19 25           ~ 80 1
80 SNR G010.6-00.4 SNR 18 10 28 -19 55.8           ~ 57 0
81 W 31a Rad 18 10 28.3 -19 55 59           ~ 17 0
82 W 31c HII 18 10 29.1 -19 56 05           ~ 340 0
83 SNR G012.8-00.2 SFR 18 14 14.0 -17 55 50           ~ 256 0
84 [L89b] 12.807-00.204 HII 18 14 14.8 -17 55 44           ~ 4 0
85 GAL 013.875+00.28 HII 18 14 35.2 -16 45 21           ~ 92 0
86 [KC97c] G014.6+00.1 HII 18 16 48.3 -16 11 29           ~ 6 0
87 LBN 018.45+01.87 HII 18 17 52.5 -11 40 58           ~ 56 1
88 [KC97c] G018.7+02.0 HII 18 17 55.6 -11 43 37           ~ 6 0
89 [KC97c] G017.0+00.9 HII 18 18 20.9 -13 42 49           ~ 7 0
90 [L89b] 16.995+00.868 HII 18 18 36.5 -13 44 07           ~ 5 0
91 [KC97c] G016.9+00.8 HII 18 18 53.6 -13 50 22           ~ 6 0
92 NAME M 17S HII 18 20 25.1 -16 11 37           ~ 25 1
93 [L89b] 15.181-00.625 HII 18 20 30.6 -16 02 22           ~ 6 0
94 NAME M 17 North MoC 18 20 40.19 -16 09 29.0           ~ 48 0
95 [KC97c] G015.2-00.8 HII 18 21 04.0 -16 05 30           ~ 6 0
96 GAL 018.15-00.28 HII 18 25 01.08 -13 15 39.3           ~ 16 0
97 GAL 018.14-00.29 HII 18 25 01.8 -13 15 58           ~ 6 0
98 [KC97c] G019.1-00.3 HII 18 26 46.1 -12 26 45           ~ 6 0
99 GAL 019.61-00.23 HII 18 27 38.0 -11 56 42           ~ 156 0
100 GAL 019.60-00.23 HII 18 27 38.11 -11 56 39.5           ~ 14 0
101 GAL 020.73-00.09 HII 18 29 13.9 -10 52 48           ~ 11 0
102 LBN 028.77+03.43 HII 18 31 26.5 -02 04 22           ~ 230 2
103 [WC89] 023.71+0.17A HII 18 33 53.2 -08 07 28           ~ 3 0
104 GAL 023.71+00.17 HII 18 33 53.54 -08 07 13.8           ~ 31 0
105 F3R 840 HII 18 34 09.22 -07 18 06.8           ~ 22 0
106 F3R 791 HII 18 34 44.7 -08 32 17           ~ 21 0
107 [KC97c] G024.5+00.2 HII 18 35 11.1 -07 24 57           ~ 6 0
108 GAL 024.81+00.10 HII 18 36 10 -07 11.2           ~ 8 0
109 [WBH2005] G025.765+0.211 HII 18 37 33.6 -06 16 40           ~ 9 1
110 IRAS 18351-0701 * 18 37 51.0686509896 -06 59 19.822508844           ~ 12 0
111 GAL 025.38-00.18 HII 18 38 14 -06 47.6           ~ 37 0
112 GAL 029.9-00.0 HII 18 46 08.0 -02 40 41           ~ 34 0
113 SNR G030.8-00.0 SNR 18 47 32 -01 56.5           ~ 531 0
114 GAL 030.78-00.03 HII 18 47 36.4 -01 55 55           ~ 11 0
115 [KB94] 18 HII 18 50 30.6 -00 01 57           ~ 9 0
116 NRAO 584 Rad 18 53 20 +01 14.9           ~ 14 0
117 [KJB2003] G34.255+0.145 HII 18 53 20.2 +01 14 31           ~ 7 0
118 NAME SDG G 18 55 19.0 -30 32 43   4.5 3.6     ~ 2185 2
119 [KC97c] G040.5+02.5 HII 18 56 12.7 +07 53 39           ~ 5 0
120 LBN 040.46+02.46 HII 18 56.4 +07 48   12.16 11.66     ~ 22 0
121 SNR G035.2-01.8 SNR 19 01.6 +01 14           ~ 153 0
122 [KC97c] G035.2-01.8 HII 19 01 47.7 +01 12 51           ~ 4 0
123 W 49a BL? 19 10 15.7 +09 06 05           ~ 306 2
124 W 49 SFR 19 10 20 +09 07.7           ~ 574 1
125 GAL 045.5+00.0 HII 19 14 20.8 +11 09 04           ~ 139 0
126 CORNISH G045.4545+00.0591 HII 19 14 21.31 +11 09 11.7           ~ 154 1
127 GAL 046.49-00.25 bub 19 17 26.4 +11 55 54           ~ 19 0
128 [KJB2003] G48.929-0.281 HII 19 22 16.3 +14 03 50           ~ 14 0
129 GAL 048.99-00.29 HII 19 22 26.0 +14 07 08           ~ 12 0
130 [WMG70] 049.2-00.3 HII 19 23 01 +14 16.9           ~ 4 0
131 GAL 049.20-00.35 Cl* 19 23 02.1 +14 16 40           ~ 65 0
132 [KB94] 62 HII 19 23 11.9 +14 27 31           ~ 6 0
133 [KJB2003] G49.370-0.302 HII 19 23 12.7 +14 26 46           ~ 8 0
134 [KJB2003] G49.480-0.386 HII 19 23 42.0 +14 30 32           ~ 9 0
135 W 51 SNR 19 23 50 +14 06.0           ~ 1276 1
136 [KB94] 64 HII 19 23 53.3 +14 35 38           ~ 5 0
137 LBN 061.50+00.29 HII 19 46 45.7 +25 12 56           ~ 66 0
138 SH 2-88 B HII 19 46 48.2 +25 12 21           ~ 158 2
139 LBN 063.10+00.46 HII 19 49 11.7 +26 51 36   14.60 13.63     ~ 54 0
140 [KC97c] G070.3+01.6 HII 20 01 46.8 +33 33 05           ~ 9 0
141 GAL 075.84+00.40 HII 20 21 38.3 +37 31 12           ~ 25 0
142 SH 2-106 HII 20 27 26.8 +37 22 49           ~ 440 1
143 [KC97c] G076.4-00.6 HII 20 27 27.1 +37 22 44           ~ 5 0
144 DR 7 HII 20 28 09.5 +40 51 43           ~ 45 0
145 DR 21 SFR 20 39 01.6 +42 19 38           O4.5 1053 0
146 GAL 093.06+02.81 HII 21 12 21.1 +52 28 59           ~ 30 0
147 LBN 102.79-00.92 HII 22 19 09.0 +56 04 45           ~ 103 0
148 IRAS 22172+5549 Y*O 22 19 09.14787 +56 05 00.0380           ~ 104 0
149 [KC97c] G102.9-00.7 HII 22 19 34.8 +56 07 13           ~ 5 0
150 SH 2-142 HII 22 47 32 +58 02.9           ~ 94 1
151 [KC97c] G107.2-01.0 HII 22 47 51.9 +58 05 21           ~ 5 0
152 IC 1470 HII 23 05 09.9 +60 14 31   11.5       ~ 173 2
153 [WAM82] 111.525+0.818 HII 23 13 30.4 +61 29 58           ~ 4 0
154 NGC 7538 OpC 23 13 37 +61 30.0           ~ 877 1
155 GAL 112.24+00.23 HII 23 20 40.68 +61 11 37.4           ~ 1 0
156 NGC 7635 HII 23 20 48.3 +61 12 06           ~ 171 2

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