SIMBAD references

We study the evolution of the global stellar mass density in a Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) universe using two different types of hydrodynamic simulations (Eulerian total variation diminishing and smoothed particle hydrodynamics) and the analytical model of Hernquist & Springel. We find that the theoretical calculations all predict both a higher stellar mass density at z∼3 than indicated by current observations and that the peak of the cosmic star formation rate history should lie at z≳5. Such a star formation history implies that as much as (70%, 30%) of the total stellar mass density today must already have formed by z=(1,3). Our results suggest that current observations at z∼3 are missing as much as 50% of the total stellar mass density in the universe, perhaps because of an inadequate allowance for dust obscuration in star-forming galaxies, limited sample sizes, or cosmic variance. We also compare our results with some of the updated semianalytic models of galaxy formation.