SIMBAD references

We have studied the influence of far ultraviolet (UV) radiation (6<hν<13.6eV) from a massive young stellar object (YSO) on the chemistry of its own envelope by extending the models of Doty et al. (2003A&A...399.1063B) to include a central source of UV radiation. The models are applied to the massive star-forming region AFGL 2591 for different inner UV field strengths. Depth-dependent abundance profiles for several molecules are presented and discussed. We predict enhanced column densities for more than 30 species, especially radicals and ions. Comparison between observations and models is improved with a moderate UV field incident on the inner envelope, corresponding to an enhancement factor G₀≃10-100 at 200AU from the star with an optical depth τ≃15-17. The chemical networks of various species are explored. Subtle differences are found compared with traditional models of Photon Dominated Regions (PDRs) because of the higher temperatures and higher gas-phase H₂O abundance caused by evaporation of ices in the inner region. In particular, the CN/HCN ratio is not a sensitive tracer of the inner UV field, in contrast with the situation for normal PDRs: for low UV fields, the extra CN reacts with H₂ in the inner dense and warm region and produces more HCN. It is found that the CH⁺ abundance is strongly enhanced and grows steadily with increasing UV field. In addition, the ratio CH⁺/CH is increased by a factor of 10³-10⁵ depending on the inner UV flux. High-J lines of molecules like CN and HCN are most sensitive to the inner dense region where UV radiation plays a role. Thus, even though the total column density affected by UV photons is small, comparison of high-J and low-J lines can selectively trace and distinguish the inner UV field from the outer one. In addition, future Herschel-HIFI observations of hydrides can sensitively probe the inner UV field.