2002ApJ...581..258F

Query : 2002ApJ...581..258F

2002ApJ...581..258F - Astrophys. J., 581, 258-275 (2002/December-2)

Massive stars in the Arches Cluster.

FIGER D.F., NAJARRO F., GILMORE D., MORRIS M., KIM S.S., SERABYN E., McLEAN I.S., GILBERT A.M., GRAHAM J.R., LARKIN J.E., LEVENSON N.A. and TEPLITZ H.I.

Abstract (from CDS):

We present and use new spectra and narrowband images, along with previously published broadband images, of stars in the Arches cluster to extract photometry, astrometry, equivalent width, and velocity information. The data are interpreted with a wind/atmosphere code to determine stellar temperatures, luminosities, mass-loss rates, and abundances. We have doubled the number of known emission-line stars, and we have also made the first spectroscopic identification of the main sequence for any population in the Galactic center. We conclude that the most massive stars are bona fide Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars; are some of the most massive stars known, having Minit>100M☉; and have prodigious winds, M{dot}>10–5 M☉yr–1, that are enriched with helium and nitrogen; with these identifications, the Arches cluster contains about 5% of all known W-R stars in the Galaxy. We find an upper limit to the velocity dispersion of 22 km.s–1, implying an upper limit to the cluster mass of 7x104 M☉within a radius of 0.23 pc; we also estimate the bulk heliocentric velocity of the cluster to be vcluster,☉~+95 km.s–1. Taken together, these results suggest that the Arches cluster was formed in a short, but massive, burst of star formation about 2.5±0.5 Myr ago, from a molecular cloud that is no longer present. The cluster happens to be approaching and ionizing the surface of a background molecular cloud, thus producing the thermal arched filaments. We estimate that the cluster produces 4x1051 ionizing photons.s–1, more than enough to account for the observed thermal radio flux from the nearby cloud, 3x1049 ionizing photons.s–1. Commensurately, it produces 107.8 L☉in total luminosity, providing the heating source for the nearby molecular cloud, Lcloud~107 L☉. These interactions between a cluster of hot stars and a wayward molecular cloud are similar to those seen in the ``Quintuplet/Sickle'' region. The small spread of formation times for the known young clusters in the Galactic center and the relative lack of intermediate-age stars (τage=107.0-107.3 yr) suggest that the Galactic center has recently been host to a burst of star formation. Finally, we have made new identifications of near-infrared sources that are counterparts to recently identified X-ray and radio sources.

Abstract Copyright: ∼

Journal keyword(s): Galaxy: Center - Infrared: Stars - Galaxy: Open Clusters and Associations: Individual: Name: Arches - Stars: Early-Type - Stars: Formation - Techniques: Spectroscopic

VizieR on-line data: <Available at CDS (J/ApJ/581/258): table3.dat>

Nomenclature: Table 3: [FNG2002] NNN (Nos 1-196). Table 3: [LGR2001] ARNN (Nos AR9-AR17) added.

Simbad objects: 220

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Number of rows : 220
N Identifier Otype ICRS (J2000)
RA 		ICRS (J2000)
DEC 		Mag U Mag B Mag V Mag R Mag I Sp type #ref
1850 - 2024 		#notes
1 HD 16691 Em* 02 42 52.0259349000 +56 54 16.463813796 10.187 9.07 8.70     O4If 155 0
2 NAME 30 Dor Nebula SFR 05 38 36.0 -69 05 11           ~ 1187 2
3 RMC 136 Cl* 05 38 42.396 -69 06 03.36   5.81 5.40     ~ 2017 2
4 NGC 3603 OpC 11 15 10.8 -61 15 32           ~ 1065 1
5 HD 151804 s*b 16 51 33.7218052272 -41 13 49.919519496 4.45 5.29 5.22     O8Iaf 376 0
6 NAME Galactic Center reg 17 45 39.60213 -29 00 22.0000           ~ 14389 0
7 GCIRS 7 * 17 45 39.987 -29 00 22.24           M2 369 0
8 GAL 000.10+00.03 MoC 17 45.7 -28 50           ~ 1 0
9 GCM +0.10 +0.03 MoC 17 45.7 -28 50           ~ 3 0
10 [FNG2002] 141 * 17 45 48.83 -28 49 18.8           ~ 3 0
11 [FNG2002] 171 * 17 45 49.28 -28 49 12.1           ~ 2 0
12 [FNG2002] 129 * 17 45 49.53 -28 49 12.7           ~ 4 0
13 [FNG2002] 88 * 17 45 49.65 -28 49 17.2           ~ 3 0
14 [FNG2002] 103 * 17 45 49.68 -28 49 22.6           ~ 3 0
15 [LGR2001] AR10 Rad 17 45 49.69 -28 49 25.9           ~ 3 0
16 WR 102aa WR* 17 45 49.71 -28 49 25.4           WN8-9 27 0
17 [FNG2002] 190 * 17 45 49.76 -28 49 19.8           ~ 2 0
18 [FNG2002] 36 * 17 45 49.79 -28 49 07.9           ~ 5 0
19 [FNG2002] 19 Rad 17 45 49.82 -28 49 26.5           ~ 9 0
20 [FNG2002] 183 * 17 45 49.87 -28 49 42.3           ~ 2 0
21 [FNG2002] 107 * 17 45 49.87 -28 49 31.0           ~ 3 0
22 [FNG2002] 146 * 17 45 49.87 -28 49 14.9           ~ 2 0
23 [FNG2002] 106 * 17 45 49.89 -28 49 23.2           ~ 2 0
24 [FNG2002] 58 * 17 45 49.97 -28 49 19.6           ~ 3 0
25 [FNG2002] 91 * 17 45 49.98 -28 49 17.5           ~ 3 0
26 [FNG2002] 154 * 17 45 49.99 -28 49 33.2           ~ 3 0
27 [FNG2002] 186 * 17 45 50.00 -28 49 28.2           ~ 3 0
28 [YLW2002] A1 X 17 45 50 -28 49.3           ~ 10 0
29 [FNG2002] 184 * 17 45 50.01 -28 49 29.4           ~ 3 0
30 [FNG2002] 25 * 17 45 50.01 -28 49 27.1           ~ 4 0
31 [FNG2002] 113 * 17 45 50.02 -28 49 17.5           ~ 3 0
32 [FNG2002] 192 * 17 45 50.05 -28 49 04.9           ~ 2 0
33 [FNG2002] 83 * 17 45 50.06 -28 49 20.7           ~ 3 0
34 [FNG2002] 71 * 17 45 50.06 -28 49 16.4           ~ 3 0
35 [FNG2002] 79 * 17 45 50.07 -28 49 18.1           ~ 3 0
36 [BSP2001] 30 Em* 17 45 50.08 -28 49 26.1           O4-6If 19 0
37 [FNG2002] 136 * 17 45 50.08 -28 49 27.8           ~ 3 0
38 [FNG2002] 65 * 17 45 50.08 -28 49 21.5           ~ 3 0
39 [DWC2011] 153 Em* 17 45 50.10 -28 49 24.1           ~ 8 0
40 [FNG2002] 50 * 17 45 50.13 -28 49 26.2           ~ 3 0
41 [FNG2002] 49 * 17 45 50.13 -28 49 07.8           ~ 3 0
42 [FNG2002] 61 * 17 45 50.14 -28 48 59.1           ~ 4 0
43 [BSP2001] 29 Em* 17 45 50.15 -28 49 26.8           ~ 11 0
44 [FNG2002] 24 * 17 45 50.15 -28 49 21.2           ~ 5 0
45 [FNG2002] 131 * 17 45 50.163 -28 49 27.46           ~ 3 0
46 [FNG2002] 11 * 17 45 50.18 -28 49 08.4           ~ 4 0
47 [FNG2002] 173 * 17 45 50.20 -28 49 20.2           ~ 3 0
48 [FNG2002] 121 * 17 45 50.20 -28 49 19.6           ~ 3 0
49 [FNG2002] 138 * 17 45 50.21 -28 49 39.2           ~ 3 0
50 [FNG2002] 157 * 17 45 50.22 -28 49 24.2           ~ 3 0
51 WR 102ad WR* 17 45 50.22 -28 49 21.9           WN8-9 25 0
52 [FNG2002] 172 * 17 45 50.23 -28 49 17.5           ~ 2 0
53 [FNG2002] 70 * 17 45 50.25 -28 49 23.4           ~ 3 0
54 [FNG2002] 54 * 17 45 50.27 -28 49 15.8           ~ 2 0
55 WR 102ae WR* 17 45 50.28 -28 49 11.4           WN9h 36 0
56 [FNG2002] 185 * 17 45 50.28 -28 49 27.6           ~ 3 0
57 [FNG2002] 176 * 17 45 50.28 -28 49 23.9           ~ 3 0
58 [FNG2002] 30 * 17 45 50.28 -28 49 19.1           ~ 3 0
59 [BSP2001] 27 Em* 17 45 50.28 -28 49 17.2           O4-6I 10 0
60 [FNG2002] 180 * 17 45 50.28 -28 48 59.6           ~ 2 0
61 WR 102af WR* 17 45 50.290 -28 49 17.20           WN7-8 18 0
62 [FNG2002] 111 * 17 45 50.31 -28 49 03.9           ~ 4 0
63 [FNG2002] 76 * 17 45 50.34 -28 49 17.1           ~ 3 0
64 [FNG2002] 135 * 17 45 50.36 -28 49 25.7           ~ 2 0
65 [FNG2002] 42 * 17 45 50.36 -28 49 21.2           ~ 2 0
66 [FNG2002] 153 * 17 45 50.36 -28 49 20.0           ~ 2 0
67 [FNG2002] 122 * 17 45 50.36 -28 49 17.3           ~ 3 0
68 [FNG2002] 93 * 17 45 50.38 -28 49 22.8           ~ 3 0
69 [FNG2002] 169 * 17 45 50.38 -28 49 20.3           ~ 3 0
70 [FNG2002] 193 * 17 45 50.38 -28 49 09.6           ~ 2 0
71 WR 102ag WR* 17 45 50.40 -28 49 20.9           WN8-9 22 0
72 [FNG2002] 155 * 17 45 50.42 -28 49 19.1           ~ 2 0
73 [FNG2002] 41 * 17 45 50.43 -28 49 27.4           ~ 3 0
74 WR 102ah WR* 17 45 50.43 -28 49 21.9           WN8-9h 32 0
75 [FNG2002] 62 * 17 45 50.43 -28 49 16.6           ~ 2 0
76 [FNG2002] 163 * 17 45 50.44 -28 49 23.4           ~ 2 0
77 [FNG2002] 115 * 17 45 50.44 -28 49 20.0           ~ 2 0
78 [FNG2002] 118 * 17 45 50.45 -28 49 26.0           ~ 3 0
79 [FNG2002] 150 * 17 45 50.46 -28 49 19.6           ~ 3 0
80 [FNG2002] 196 * 17 45 50.46 -28 49 07.7           ~ 2 0
81 [FNG2002] 175 * 17 45 50.46 -28 49 03.3           ~ 2 0
82 WR 102ai WR* 17 45 50.47 -28 49 31.5           WN8-9 18 0
83 [FNG2002] 67 * 17 45 50.47 -28 49 15.1           ~ 3 0
84 WR 102aj WR* 17 45 50.48 -28 49 19.2           WN8-9h 27 0
85 [FNG2002] 20 * 17 45 50.48 -28 49 20.2           O4-6I 8 0
86 [FNG2002] 31 * 17 45 50.48 -28 49 20.2           ~ 4 0
87 [FNG2002] 85 * 17 45 50.48 -28 49 18.6           ~ 2 0
88 [FNG2002] 64 * 17 45 50.48 -28 49 16.7           ~ 2 0
89 [FNG2002] 134 * 17 45 50.50 -28 49 36.5           ~ 2 0
90 [FNG2002] 168 * 17 45 50.50 -28 49 30.2           ~ 3 0
91 NAME Arches Cluster Cl* 17 45 50.5 -28 49 28           ~ 735 0
92 [FNG2002] 45 * 17 45 50.50 -28 49 24.2           ~ 2 0
93 [FNG2002] 160 * 17 45 50.50 -28 49 15.8           ~ 3 0
94 [FNG2002] 112 * 17 45 50.51 -28 49 16.4           ~ 2 0
95 [FNG2002] 92 * 17 45 50.52 -28 49 21.4           ~ 3 0
96 [FNG2002] 109 * 17 45 50.52 -28 49 20.7           ~ 3 0
97 [FNG2002] 87 * 17 45 50.52 -28 49 16.6           ~ 2 0
98 [FNG2002] 66 * 17 45 50.53 -28 49 20.4           ~ 3 0
99 [BSP2001] 20 Em* 17 45 50.53 -28 49 18.4           O4-6I 12 0
100 [FNG2002] 84 * 17 45 50.53 -28 49 16.3           ~ 2 0
101 [FNG2002] 194 * 17 45 50.53 -28 49 07.9           ~ 2 0
102 [FNG2002] 195 * 17 45 50.53 -28 49 15.3           ~ 2 0
103 [FNG2002] 187 * 17 45 50.54 -28 49 23.3           ~ 2 0
104 WR 102ak WR* 17 45 50.54 -28 49 20.3           WN8-9 17 0
105 [FNG2002] 116 * 17 45 50.54 -28 49 06.3           ~ 4 0
106 [FNG2002] 43 * 17 45 50.55 -28 49 19.2           ~ 2 0
107 [FNG2002] 140 * 17 45 50.56 -28 49 18.5           ~ 3 0
108 [FNG2002] 90 * 17 45 50.57 -28 49 33.0           ~ 2 0
109 [FNG2002] 99 * 17 45 50.57 -28 49 17.1           ~ 2 0
110 [FNG2002] 110 * 17 45 50.57 -28 49 16.4           ~ 2 0
111 [FNG2002] 181 * 17 45 50.57 -28 49 07.7           ~ 2 0
112 [FNG2002] 104 * 17 45 50.58 -28 49 43.8           ~ 2 0
113 [FNG2002] 95 * 17 45 50.58 -28 49 22.0           ~ 3 0
114 WR 102al WR* 17 45 50.58 -28 49 17.2           WN7-8 25 0
115 [FNG2002] 189 * 17 45 50.59 -28 49 23.5           ~ 3 0
116 [FNG2002] 182 * 17 45 50.59 -28 49 22.9           ~ 2 0
117 [FNG2002] 56 * 17 45 50.59 -28 49 22.2           ~ 3 0
118 [FNG2002] 80 * 17 45 50.59 -28 49 19.5           ~ 3 0
119 [FNG2002] 105 * 17 45 50.60 -28 49 39.6           ~ 2 0
120 [FNG2002] 130 * 17 45 50.60 -28 49 27.5           ~ 3 0
121 [FNG2002] 177 * 17 45 50.60 -28 49 16.9           ~ 2 0
122 [BSP2001] 18 Em* 17 45 50.61 -28 49 24.0           O4-6I 9 0
123 [FNG2002] 48 * 17 45 50.62 -28 49 27.0           ~ 3 0
124 [FNG2002] 156 * 17 45 50.64 -28 49 02.2           ~ 4 0
125 [FNG2002] 94 * 17 45 50.66 -28 49 28.0           ~ 3 0
126 [BSP2001] 16 Em* 17 45 50.66 -28 49 20.0           ~ 9 0
127 [FNG2002] 73 * 17 45 50.68 -28 49 25.6           ~ 3 0
128 [BSP2001] 14 ** 17 45 50.68 -28 49 22.3           O4-6I 2 0
129 [BSP2001] 15 Em* 17 45 50.68 -28 49 20.3           O4-6I 8 0
130 [FNG2002] 166 * 17 45 50.68 -28 49 19.6           ~ 3 0
131 [FNG2002] 149 * 17 45 50.68 -28 49 01.6           ~ 3 0
132 [FNG2002] 123 * 17 45 50.685 -28 49 22.35           ~ 3 0
133 [FNG2002] 152 * 17 45 50.69 -28 49 36.6           ~ 3 0
134 [FNG2002] 120 * 17 45 50.69 -28 49 30.0           ~ 3 0
135 [FNG2002] 142 * 17 45 50.69 -28 49 24.9           ~ 3 0
136 WR 102ba WR* 17 45 50.69 -28 49 22.2           WN8-9 17 0
137 [FNG2002] 40 * 17 45 50.69 -28 49 18.8           O4-6I 6 0
138 [FNG2002] 28 * 17 45 50.699 -28 49 22.21           ~ 8 0
139 [FNG2002] 44 * 17 45 50.70 -28 49 25.6           ~ 4 0
140 [FNG2002] 170 Rad 17 45 50.70 -28 49 21.0           ~ 3 0
141 [FNG2002] 53 * 17 45 50.71 -28 49 25.0           ~ 4 0
142 [FNG2002] 81 * 17 45 50.71 -28 49 24.2           ~ 3 0
143 [BSP2001] 13 Em* 17 45 50.72 -28 49 20.4           O4-6I 8 0
144 [FNG2002] 96 * 17 45 50.72 -28 49 19.7           ~ 2 0
145 [FNG2002] 124 * 17 45 50.72 -28 49 17.3           ~ 3 0
146 [FNG2002] 143 * 17 45 50.72 -28 49 17.2           ~ 3 0
147 [FNG2002] 167 * 17 45 50.73 -28 49 17.7           ~ 3 0
148 [FNG2002] 82 * 17 45 50.74 -28 49 19.1           ~ 2 0
149 [FNG2002] 174 * 17 45 50.75 -28 49 28.2           ~ 3 0
150 [FNG2002] 47 * 17 45 50.75 -28 49 25.3           ~ 3 0
151 [BSP2001] 11 ** 17 45 50.75 -28 49 20.4           ~ 2 0
152 [FNG2002] 38 * 17 45 50.755 -28 49 20.48           ~ 4 0
153 [FNG2002] 117 * 17 45 50.76 -28 49 19.4           ~ 2 0
154 [BSP2001] 10 Em* 17 45 50.76 -28 49 17.5           O4-6I 9 0
155 [BSP2001] 8 Em* 17 45 50.76 -28 49 16.2           O4-6If 21 0
156 [FNG2002] 57 * 17 45 50.768 -28 49 20.31           ~ 3 0
157 [FNG2002] 77 * 17 45 50.77 -28 49 19.8           ~ 3 0
158 [FNG2002] 133 * 17 45 50.77 -28 49 15.0           ~ 2 0
159 [FNG2002] 72 * 17 45 50.78 -28 49 20.3           ~ 3 0
160 [FNG2002] 55 * 17 45 50.79 -28 49 22.6           ~ 4 0
161 [FNG2002] 60 * 17 45 50.80 -28 49 22.2           ~ 3 0
162 [FNG2002] 114 * 17 45 50.80 -28 49 19.1           ~ 2 0
163 [BSP2001] 9 Em* 17 45 50.80 -28 49 18.1           O4-6I 9 0
164 [FNG2002] 132 * 17 45 50.80 -28 49 02.7           ~ 4 0
165 [FNG2002] 108 * 17 45 50.81 -28 49 10.9           ~ 3 0
166 [FNG2002] 162 * 17 45 50.82 -28 49 39.1           ~ 2 0
167 [BSP2001] 7 Em* 17 45 50.82 -28 49 20.1           O4-6I 8 0
168 [FNG2002] 75 * 17 45 50.82 -28 49 11.2           ~ 4 0
169 [FNG2002] 178 * 17 45 50.82 -28 49 06.9           ~ 2 0
170 [FNG2002] 151 * 17 45 50.83 -28 49 27.6           ~ 3 0
171 WR 102bb WR* 17 45 50.84 -28 49 26.0           WN8-9 20 0
172 [FNG2002] 63 * 17 45 50.84 -28 49 25.7           ~ 2 0
173 [FNG2002] 119 * 17 45 50.84 -28 49 22.8           ~ 3 0
174 [FNG2002] 69 * 17 45 50.85 -28 49 20.3           ~ 2 0
175 [BSP2001] 5 Em* 17 45 50.86 -28 49 21.5           O4-6I 7 0
176 [FNG2002] 68 * 17 45 50.86 -28 49 18.1           ~ 2 0
177 [FNG2002] 164 * 17 45 50.86 -28 49 08.5           ~ 3 0
178 [FNG2002] 102 * 17 45 50.88 -28 49 28.8           ~ 3 0
179 [FNG2002] 159 * 17 45 50.88 -28 49 15.7           ~ 3 0
180 [FNG2002] 161 * 17 45 50.90 -28 49 40.7           ~ 2 0
181 [FNG2002] 101 * 17 45 50.91 -28 49 18.4           ~ 3 0
182 [FNG2002] 126 * 17 45 50.93 -28 49 03.6           ~ 3 0
183 [FNG2002] 188 * 17 45 50.94 -28 49 21.8           ~ 3 0
184 [FNG2002] 89 * 17 45 50.96 -28 49 17.1           ~ 3 0
185 [FNG2002] 86 * 17 45 50.99 -28 49 33.6           ~ 3 0
186 [FNG2002] 74 * 17 45 50.99 -28 49 27.5           ~ 2 0
187 [FNG2002] 100 * 17 45 51.06 -28 49 17.6           ~ 3 0
188 [FNG2002] 51 * 17 45 51.08 -28 49 24.4           ~ 2 0
189 [FNG2002] 158 * 17 45 51.10 -28 49 22.0           ~ 2 0
190 [FNG2002] 46 * 17 45 51.11 -28 49 28.2           ~ 2 0
191 [FNG2002] 191 * 17 45 51.14 -28 49 18.2           ~ 2 0
192 [FNG2002] 59 * 17 45 51.14 -28 49 14.3           ~ 3 0
193 [FNG2002] 98 * 17 45 51.15 -28 49 37.1           ~ 3 0
194 [FNG2002] 165 * 17 45 51.16 -28 49 15.4           ~ 3 0
195 [FNG2002] 39 * 17 45 51.17 -28 49 36.7           ~ 4 0
196 [FNG2002] 127 * 17 45 51.18 -28 49 31.5           ~ 2 0
197 [FNG2002] 52 * 17 45 51.21 -28 49 33.3           ~ 3 0
198 [BSP2001] 2 Em* 17 45 51.21 -28 49 23.8           O4-6I 10 0
199 [FNG2002] 139 * 17 45 51.21 -28 49 23.4           ~ 3 0
200 [FNG2002] 128 * 17 45 51.22 -28 49 36.5           ~ 3 0
201 [FNG2002] 147 * 17 45 51.35 -28 49 20.0           ~ 2 0
202 [FNG2002] 179 * 17 45 51.36 -28 49 21.4           ~ 2 0
203 [FNG2002] 97 * 17 45 51.38 -28 49 16.6           ~ 3 0
204 [FNG2002] 145 * 17 45 51.44 -28 49 20.1           ~ 2 0
205 [FNG2002] 125 * 17 45 51.49 -28 49 21.8           ~ 3 0
206 [FNG2002] 137 * 17 45 51.49 -28 49 21.3           ~ 3 0
207 [FNG2002] 144 * 17 45 51.53 -28 49 20.6           ~ 3 0
208 [FNG2002] 148 * 17 45 51.78 -28 49 28.4           ~ 2 0
209 [FNG2002] 78 * 17 45 51.94 -28 49 24.7           ~ 3 0
210 NAME Quintuplet Cluster OpC 17 46 13.9 -28 49 48           ~ 525 0
211 NAME Sickle HII 17 46 15.2 -28 49 49           ~ 121 0
212 [FMM95] 3 s*b 17 46 15.240 -28 50 03.58           LBV 148 1
213 HD 313846 WR* 18 05 25.7344895280 -23 00 20.334949992 10.48 10.69 9.89 9.89   WN9h+OB 135 0
214 MR 97 WR* 20 00 19.1223016752 +33 15 51.099973956 12.93 13.050 12.080     WN7h 81 0
215 HD 190429 ** 20 03 29.39885 +36 01 30.5082 5.98 6.78 6.63     O4If+O9.5II 203 0
216 [LGR2001] AR13 Rad ~ ~           ~ 1 0
217 [LGR2001] AR14 Rad ~ ~           ~ 1 0
218 [YLW2002] A3 X ~ ~           ~ 10 0
219 [LGR2001] AR15 Rad ~ ~           ~ 1 0
220 [LGR2001] AR12 Rad ~ ~           ~ 1 0

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