SIMBAD references

We show that γ-ray burst (GRB) afterglow observations strongly suggest, within the fireball model framework, that radiating electrons are shock accelerated to a power-law energy distribution, dn_e/dγ_e∝γ^–p_e, with universal index p~2.2, and that the fraction of shock energy carried by electrons, ξ_e, is universal and close to equipartition, ξ_e~(1)/(3). For universal p and ξ_e, a single measurement of the X-ray afterglow flux on the timescale of a day provides a robust estimate of the fireball energy per unit solid angle, {epsiv}, averaged over a conical section of the fireball of opening angle θ∼0.1. The energy estimate {epsiv} varies by ∼50% as p is modified over the range of values p=2.2±0.2 typically inferred from observations. Applying our analysis to BeppoSAX afterglow data, we find that (1) fireball energies are in the range of 4π{epsiv}=10^51.5-10^53.5 ergs; (2) the ratio of observed γ-ray to total fireball energy per unit solid angle, {epsiv}_γ/{epsiv}, is of order unity, satisfying |log₁₀({epsiv}_γ/{epsiv})|≲0.5; and (3) if fireballs are jet-like, their opening angle should satisfy θ≳0.1. Our results imply that if typical opening angles are θ∼0.1, a value consistent with our analysis, the total energy associated with a GRB event is in the range of 10⁵⁰-10^51.5 ergs.