SIMBAD references

I present an atlas of near-infrared K-band spectra of 31 late-type giants and supergiants and two carbon stars. The spectra were obtained at resolving powers of 830 and 2000, and have a signal-to-noise ratio ≳100. These data are complemented with results from similar existing libraries in both K and H band, and they are used to identify various tools useful for stellar population studies at moderate resolution. I focus on several of the most prominent absorption features and (1) investigate the effects of spectral resolution on measurements of their equivalent width (EW), (2) examine the variations with stellar parameters of the EWs, and (3) construct composite indices as indicators of stellar parameters and of the contribution from excess continuum sources commonly found in star-forming and AGN galaxies. Among the features considered, the ¹²CO (2,0) and ¹²CO (6,3) bandheads together with the Si I 1.59 µm feature, first proposed by Oliva, Origlia, and coworkers, constitute the best diagnostic set for stellar spectral classification and for constraining the excess continuum emission. The Ca I 2.26 µm and Mg I 2.28 µm features offer alternatives in the K band to the ¹²CO (6,3) bandhead and Si I feature.